Laserwire at the Accelerator Test Facility 2 with Sub-Micrometre Resolution

A laserwire transverse electron beam size measurement system has been developed and operated at the Accelerator Test Facility 2 (ATF2) at KEK. Special electron beam optics were developed to create an approximately 1 x 100 {\mu}m (vertical x horizontal) electron beam at the laserwire location, which was profiled using a 150 mJ, 71 ps laser pulse with a wavelength of 532 nm. The precise characterisation of the laser propagation allows the non-Gaussian transverse profiles of the electron beam caused by the laser divergence to be deconvolved. A minimum vertical electron beam size of 1.07 ${\pm}$ 0.06 (stat.) ${\pm}$ 0.05 (sys.) {\mu}m was measured. A vertically focussing quadrupole just before the laserwire was varied whilst making laserwire measurements and the projected vertical emittance was measured to be 82.56 ${\pm}$ 3.04 pm rad.Comment: 17 pages, 26 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beam

Time-dependent information transmission in a model regulatory circuit

Many biological regulatory systems respond with a physiological delay when processing signals. A simple model of regulation which respects these features shows how the ability of a delayed output to transmit information is limited: at short times by the time scale of the dynamic input, at long times by that of the dynamic output. We find that topologies of maximally informative networks correspond to commonly occurring biological circuits linked to stress response and that circuits functioning out of steady state may exploit absorbing states to transmit information optimally

A data-driven functional projection approach for the selection of feature ranges in spectra with ICA or cluster analysis

Prediction problems from spectra are largely encountered in chemometry. In addition to accurate predictions, it is often needed to extract information about which wavelengths in the spectra contribute in an effective way to the quality of the prediction. This implies to select wavelengths (or wavelength intervals), a problem associated to variable selection. In this paper, it is shown how this problem may be tackled in the specific case of smooth (for example infrared) spectra. The functional character of the spectra (their smoothness) is taken into account through a functional variable projection procedure. Contrarily to standard approaches, the projection is performed on a basis that is driven by the spectra themselves, in order to best fit their characteristics. The methodology is illustrated by two examples of functional projection, using Independent Component Analysis and functional variable clustering, respectively. The performances on two standard infrared spectra benchmarks are illustrated.Comment: A paraitr

Generation and physiological roles of linear ubiquitin chains

Ubiquitination now ranks with phosphorylation as one of the best-studied post-translational modifications of proteins with broad regulatory roles across all of biology. Ubiquitination usually involves the addition of ubiquitin chains to target protein molecules, and these may be of eight different types, seven of which involve the linkage of one of the seven internal lysine (K) residues in one ubiquitin molecule to the carboxy-terminal diglycine of the next. In the eighth, the so-called linear ubiquitin chains, the linkage is between the amino-terminal amino group of methionine on a ubiquitin that is conjugated with a target protein and the carboxy-terminal carboxy group of the incoming ubiquitin. Physiological roles are well established for K48-linked chains, which are essential for signaling proteasomal degradation of proteins, and for K63-linked chains, which play a part in recruitment of DNA repair enzymes, cell signaling and endocytosis. We focus here on linear ubiquitin chains, how they are assembled, and how three different avenues of research have indicated physiological roles for linear ubiquitination in innate and adaptive immunity and suppression of inflammation

Model of Enterpreneurship and Social-cultural and Market Orientation of Small Business Owners in Poland

In the development of SMEs in Poland crucial meaning is legislation, steadily adapted to EU regulations, especially to the European Charter for Small Enterprises. Research conducted in Poland by many authors provide data for doing so, to confirm the hypothesis that among small businesses a vital role in shaping their work situation did not continue to play the market mechanisms and orientations, but mainly socio-cultural factors.W rozwoju MŚP w Polsce podstawowe znaczenie mają również uregulowania prawne, systematycznie dostosowywane do regulacji unijnych, zwłaszcza zaś do Europejskiej Karty Małych Przedsiębiorstw. Badania prowadzone w Polsce przez wielu autorów dostarczają danych ku temu, by potwierdzić tezę, że wśród drobnych przedsiębiorców decydującą rolę w kształtowaniu ich sytuacji pracy odgrywają nadal nie mechanizmy i orientacje rynkowe, ale przede wszystkim czynniki społeczno-kulturowe

Entanglement and Tensor Product Decomposition for Two Fermions

The problem of the choice of tensor product decomposition in a system of two fermions with the help of Bogoliubov transformations of creation and annihilation operators is discussed. The set of physical states of the composite system is restricted by the superselection rule forbidding the superposition of fermions and bosons. It is shown that the Wootters concurrence is not proper entanglement measure in this case. The explicit formula for the entanglement of formation is found and its dependence on tensor product decompositions of the Hilbert space is discussed. It is shown that the set of separable states is narrower than in two-qubit case. Moreover, there exist states which are separable with respect to all tensor product decompositions of the Hilbert space.Comment: 8pp, published versio

Optimizing information flow in small genetic networks. I

In order to survive, reproduce and (in multicellular organisms) differentiate, cells must control the concentrations of the myriad different proteins that are encoded in the genome. The precision of this control is limited by the inevitable randomness of individual molecular events. Here we explore how cells can maximize their control power in the presence of these physical limits; formally, we solve the theoretical problem of maximizing the information transferred from inputs to outputs when the number of available molecules is held fixed. We start with the simplest version of the problem, in which a single transcription factor protein controls the readout of one or more genes by binding to DNA. We further simplify by assuming that this regulatory network operates in steady state, that the noise is small relative to the available dynamic range, and that the target genes do not interact. Even in this simple limit, we find a surprisingly rich set of optimal solutions. Importantly, for each locally optimal regulatory network, all parameters are determined once the physical constraints on the number of available molecules are specified. Although we are solving an over--simplified version of the problem facing real cells, we see parallels between the structure of these optimal solutions and the behavior of actual genetic regulatory networks. Subsequent papers will discuss more complete versions of the problem

What breeding strategy(ies) should be carry up for organic winter wheat? Results and prospects from a long-term comparison with low input variety trials

Breeding varieties adapted to various organic farming conditions is one solution, among others, to increase yields and improve organic winter bread wheat quality. From 2004 to 2011, INRA winter wheat breeders have conducted variety trials in three contrasting agro-climatic regions across north-west France to test the relative response of 25 to 30 diversified genotypes when cultivated in low input (FI) and organic (AB) conditions. The comparison of 17 paired management trials showed the relevance of low input conditions to identify genotypes adapted to organic farming conditions for yield and protein content. Such a selection environment is useful also to screen “GPD+” (positive Grain Protein Deviation) genotypes with better nutrient use efficiency. In contrast, our results highlighted the need to evaluate genotypes baking quality in organic conditions in which bread making ability is frequently lost