PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES EFFECT OF SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA AND SESBANIA SESBAN BARK ON CARRAGEENAN INDUCED ACUTE INFLAMMATION AND ADJUVANT-INDUCED ARTHRITIS IN RATS

ABSTRACT Nitric Oxide (NO) can autoregulate its own formation by feedback inhibition of the inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS). Modulation of biosynthesis or activity of NO results in amelioration if pathogenesis of experimental arthritis. However, little is known about feedback mechanism on NO generation in response to carrageenan induced paw oedema and adjuvant-induced arthritis. In the present study we have examined the effects of prophylactic administration of extracts of bark of Sesbania grandiflora and Sesbania sesban on the development of carrageenan induced paw oedema and adjuvant -induced arthritis to assess influence of high NO level in the form of exogenous herbal extracts of bark of Sesbania grandiflora and Sesbania sesban in the progress of inflammation. Inflammation was assessed by measuring paw swelling. Increased paw oedema of the injected paw measured on 1 st to 12 th hrs which is feature of carrageenan induced inflammation was significantly reduced after prophylactic administration of petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of bark of Sesbania grandiflora (300mg/kg b.w. p.o.) and Sesbania sesban (300mg/kg b.w. p.o.) and arthritis was assessed by measuring primary and secondary paw swelling and changes in thymus, spleen and body weight. Increased swelling of the non injected paw (secondary paw) measured on days 14 and 21, injected paw swelling (primary paw) measured on days 3, 14 and 21, spleenomegaly, thymic involutions and loss in body wt. which are features of adjuvant-induced arthritis were effectively reduced after prophylactic administration of extracts of bark of Sesbania grandiflora and Sesbania sesban . These data suggests that high NO level in the from extracts of Sesbania grandiflora and Sesbania sesban may suppress initial stages of immune response to carrageenan and adjuvant injection probably by inhibiting iNOS expression through feedback inhibition mechanism. However, further studies are required to unravel the mechanism involved in these effects of extracts of bark of Sesbania grandiflora and Sesbania sesban and their clinical implications

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Advances in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs): challenges and road-map for future development

Recent advances in wireless communication technologies and auto-mobile industry have triggered a significant research interest in the field of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) over the past few years. A vehicular network consists of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications supported by wireless access technologies such as IEEE 802.11p. This innovation in wireless communication has been envisaged to improve road safety and motor traffic efficiency in near future through the development of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Hence, governments, auto-mobile industries and academia are heavily partnering through several ongoing research projects to establish standards for VANETs. The typical set of VANET application areas, such as vehicle collision warning and traffic information dissemination have made VANET an interesting field of mobile wireless communication. This paper provides an overview on current research state, challenges, potentials of VANETs as well as the ways forward to achieving the long awaited ITS

Synthesis of New Chiral and Nonchiral Pyrido [3,2-e],[1,3,4] oxadiazine Derivatives

A chiral series of 6,7-dichloro-3-[3-(2,2-dihalovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl] -1H-pyrido [3,2-e],[1,3,4] oxadiazines (a-f) and a nonchiral series of 3-substituted, 6,7-dichloro-1H-pyrido [3,2-e][1,3,4] oxadiazines (a-g) have been synthesized. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NR, HPLC and mass spectral data

Bio-pharmaceuticals : emerging proniosomes in drug delivery

Vesicular drug delivery system like liposomes and niosomes, sometimes drugs are not delivered in a desired manner because of aggregation, sedimentation, stability problems and tedious method of production. By using ‘Proniosomes’ as carrier for drug delivery these problems of drug delivery can be reduced because they are easy to prepare and having good physical and chemical stability. Proniosomes also have been shown wide applicability in pharmaceutical and medical field; they are promising carrier for systemic and controlled delivery of drugs. Entrapment in the lipidic or core material of the proniosome can help in the delivery of drugs with poor solubility, lower permeability and first pass effect. Proniosome are also useful for the delivery of hydrophobic and amphiphilic drugs. In the present review various methods used in proniosome preparation are discussed. A brief focus on characterization parameters, factors affecting preparation and applications are presented

Nanosized Technological Approaches for the Delivery of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs: Delivery of poorly water soluble drugs

A major hurdle in pharmaceutical formulation is water insolubility of most of drugs affecting their stability and bioavailability. If the drug is also insoluble in organic medium, it is difficult to deliver it in a sufficiently bioavailable form and hence it is a great challenge to formulation researchers to overcome such difficulty. Although some approaches are available for enhancing the dissolution of poorly solubledrugs, there has been certain draw backs like use of organic solvents, low drug loading and large doses. However, a new solution to poorly water soluble drug candidates is now available, i.e. nanonisation that leads to much more soluble, more biologically available and safer dosage form of poorly soluble and poorly bioavailable drugs. Controlled release of these drugs is also possible by forming nanostructuredmatrices. In this article, a brief description of production methods of drug nanoparticles and commercialized methods are presented along with brief overview on second generation of drug nanocrystal (Smart crystal technology), controlled release of hydrophobic drugs and recent works thereof are also presented

Formulation and Targeting Efficiency of Cisplatin Engineered Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

The present study is aimed at the overall improvement in the efficacy, reduced toxicity and enhancement of therapeutic index of cisplatin. Solid lipid nanoparticulate delivery system of cisplatin has been developed by microemulsification method by using stearic acid, soy lecithin 95% and sodium glycolate. The formulations were then characterized with respect to size and its surface morphology, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release profile, in vivo drug targeting studies and its stability under specific conditions. The formulated solid lipid nanoparticles were oval with a diameter ranging from 250 nm to 500 nm. The lowest entrapment efficiency was found to be 47.59% and highest was found to be 74.53%. The zeta potential was in the range of -9.8 to -11.2 mv. In vitro release study was analyzed using various mathematical models. Highest cumulative percent drug release was observed with F-1 (97.22 %) and lowest with F-4 (78.43%) in 16 h. The in vivo result of formulated solid lipid nanoparticles of cisplatin reveals that the drug is preferentially targeting to liver followed by brain and lungs

Synthesis of <i>N</i>-3(4-(4-chlorophenyl thiazole-2-yl)-(2-(amino)methyl)-quinazoline-4(3<i style="">H</i>)-one and their derivatives for antitubercular activity

1778-1781A new series of N-3[4-(4-chlorophenyl thiazole-2-yl)-2-amino methyl] quinazoline-4(3H)-one and their derivatives are synthesized. The structures of the title compounds are confirmed on the basis of IR and 1H NMR. The compounds are screened for their antitubercular activity, using H37Rv strain on L J medium. All the compounds have showed moderate to promising antitubercular activity

Formulation and Characterization of Hydralazine Hydrochloride Biodegraded Microspheres for Intramuscular Administration

International audienceObjective: To prepare and characterize Albumin microspheres of hydralazine hydrochloride for the treatment of hypertension. Methods: Albumin microspheres of antihypertensive drug hydralazine hydrochloride were prepared by emulsion cross-linking method by using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. Drug and polymer compatibility was determined by Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy. To determine the effect of polymer concentration and amount of glutaraldehyde, formulations were characterized for their entrapment efficiency, particle size, surface morphology and release behavior. In vivo study was carried out on hypertensive wistar rats. Key findings: Maximum percentage entrapment efficiency (%EE) was found to be 68.20±1.03 %. Laser particle size analyzer confirmed mean particle size in the range of 31.7 to 39.6μm. In vitro drug release studies showed a biphasic release pattern for all formulations with an initial burst effect followed by slow release for almost 24 hrs. Conclusion: In vivo study to determine antihypertensive effect of selected formulation strongly correlates with in vitro drug release behavior. The release behavior was significantly regulated by polymer concentration and volume of glutaraldehyde. The study revealed that hydralazine hydrochloride loaded albumin microspheres exhibited prolonged reduction of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure compared to hydralazine hydrochloride solution

Synthesis and evaluation of some 1, 4-dihydropyridine and their derivatives as antihypertensive agents

698-701A series of 1, 4-dihydro-2, 6-dimethyl-4-{4-[3-(2-aminopyrazine/1-amino-4-methyl piperazine)-2-hydroxy propoxy]-phenyl}-pyridine-3, 5-carbamoyl have been synthesized and the structure of the compounds have been confirmed by IR, ¹H NMR , MS & elemental analysis. The title compounds have been evaluated for antihypertensive activity by tail-cuff method. Some of these compounds have been found to exhibit excellent antihypertensive activity