The immunopathology of canine vector-borne diseases

The canine vector-borne infectious diseases (CVBDs) are an emerging problem in veterinary medicine and the zoonotic potential of many of these agents is a significant consideration for human health. The successful diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these infections is dependent upon firm understanding of the underlying immunopathology of the diseases in which there are unique tripartite interactions between the microorganism, the vector and the host immune system. Although significant advances have been made in the areas of molecular speciation and the epidemiology of these infections and their vectors, basic knowledge of the pathology and immunology of the diseases has lagged behind. This review summarizes recent studies of the pathology and host immune response in the major CVBDs (leishmaniosis, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, hepatozoonosis, anaplasmosis, bartonellosis and borreliosis). The ultimate application of such immunological investigation is the development of effective vaccines. The current commercially available vaccines for canine leishmaniosis, babesiosis and borreliosis are reviewed

Comparison of a high temperature torch integrated sample introduction system with a desolvation system for the analysis of microsamples through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

International audienceThis work describes for the first time the comparison of the analytical performances obtained with a high temperaturetorch integrated sample introduction system(hTISIS) against those foundwith a commercially availabledesolvation system (APEX) associated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A doublepass spray chamber was taken as the reference system. Similar detection limits and sensitivities were obtainedin continuous injection mode at low liquid flow rates for the APEX and hTISIS operating at high temperatures.In contrast, in the air-segmented injection mode, the detection limits obtained with hTISIS at high temperatureswere up to 12 times lower than those found for the APEX. Regarding memory effects, wash out times wereshorter in continuous mode and peaks were narrower in air segmented mode for the hTISIS as compared tothe APEX. Non spectral interferences (matrix effects) were studied with 10percent nitric acid, 2percent methanol, for anICP multielemental solution and a hydro-organic matrix containing 70percent (v-v) acetonitrile in water,15 mmol Let8722;1 ammonium acetate and 0.5percent formic acid containing lanthanide complexes. In all the cases, matrixeffects were less severe for the hTISIS operating at 200 DC and the APEX than for the double pass spray chamber.Finally, two spiked reference materials (sea water and Antartic krill) were analyzed. The hTISIS operating at200 DC gave the best results compared to those obtained with the APEX and the double pass spray chamber. Inconclusion, despite the simplicity of the hTISIS, it provided, at low liquid flow rates, results similar to or betterthan those obtained with the by other sample introduction systems