445 research outputs found
Containing the Not-Invented-Here Syndrome in external knowledge absorption and open innovation: The role of indirect countermeasures
This paper builds new theory and provides supporting evidence to contain the Not-Invented-Here Syndrome (NIHS) – a persistent decision-making error arising from an attitude-based bias against external knowledge. Conceptually, we draw on the 4i framework of organizational learning to develop a novel process perspective on NIHS. This allows us not only to unpack how and where NIHS impedes organizational learning, but also to identify the key requirements for effective NIHS countermeasures. Importantly, countermeasures fall into two categories: those that seek to change the negative attitude directly (direct NIHS countermeasures) and those that seek to attenuate the behavioral impact of negative attitudes without addressing the attitudes as such (indirect NIHS countermeasures). While the evidence base on direct NIHS countermeasures has grown over the last decade, indirect NIHS countermeasures have received little research attention. To address this gap, we adopt a mixed methods research design composed of two complementary empirical studies – the first qualitative and the second quantitative. Study 1 explores the prevalence of distinct NIHS countermeasures in collaborative R&D practice. Based on 32 interviews and three focus group meetings with R&D employees, we find that a broad array of primarily direct NIHS countermeasures is employed in R&D practice. Study 2 addresses the scarcity of scholarly and managerial insights on indirect NIHS countermeasures by testing the effectiveness of perspective taking as a debiasing technique to contain negative attitudes at the level of the individual. Based on quantitative survey data from 565 global R&D projects, it provides empirical evidence not only for the prevalence and negative effects of NIHS on project success as mediated by external knowledge absorption, but also for the effectiveness of perspective taking as an exemplary indirect NIHS countermeasure
Economic Implications of Additive Manufacturing and the Contribution of MIS
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12599-015-0374-4
Diffractive Phenomena and Shadowing in Deep-Inelastic Scattering
Shadowing effects in deep-inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering probe the mass
spectrum of diffractive leptoproduction from individual nucleons. We explore
this relationship using current experimental information on both processes. In
recent data from the NMC and E665 collaboration, taken at small x << 0.1 and
Q^2 < 1 GeV^2, shadowing is dominated by the diffractive excitation and
coherent interaction of low mass vector mesons. If shadowing is explored at
small x > 1 GeV^2 as discussed at HERA, the situation is
different. Here dominant contributions come from the coherent interaction of
diffractively produced heavy mass states. Furthermore we observe that the
energy dependence of shadowing is directly related to the mass dependence of
the diffractive production cross section for free nucleon targets.Comment: 12 pages Latex, 8 figure
Nuclear shadowing at low photon energies
We calculate the shadowing effect in nuclear photoabsorption at low photon
energies (1-3 GeV) within a multiple scattering approach. We avoid some of the
high energy approximations that are usually made in simple Glauber theory like
the narrow width and the eikonal approximation. We find that the main
contribution to nuclear shadowing at low energies stems from mesons
with masses well below their pole mass. We also show that the possibility of
scattering in non forward directions allows for a new contribution to shadowing
at low energies: the production of neutral pions as intermediate hadronic
states enhances the shadowing effect in the onset region. For light nuclei and
small photon energies they give rise to about 30% of the total shadowing
effect.Comment: RevTeX, 16 pages including 6 eps figures; new calculation of
effective pion propagator, negligible effect on results; version to be
published in Phys. Rev.
Resummation of nuclear enhanced higher twist in the Drell Yan process
We investigate higher twist contributions to the transverse momentum
broadening of Drell Yan pairs in proton nucleus collisions. We revisit the
contribution of matrix elements of twist-4 and generalize this to matrix
elements of arbitrary twist. An estimate of the maximal nuclear broadening
effect is derived. A model for nuclear enhanced matrix elements of arbitrary
twist allows us to give the result of a resummation of all twists in closed
form. Subleading corrections to the maximal broadening are discussed
qualitatively.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures; v2: minor changes in text, acknowledgement
added; v3: mistake in fig. 1 correcte
Quark exchange model for charmonium dissociation in hot hadronic matter
A diagrammatic approach to quark exchange processes in meson-meson scattering
is applied to the case of inelastic reactions of the type
(Q\barQ)+(q\barq)\rightarrow (Q\barq) + (q\barQ), where and refer to
heavy and light quarks, respectively. This string-flip process is discussed as
a microscopic mechanism for charmonium dissociation (absorption) in hadronic
matter. The cross section for the reaction is
calculated using a potential model, which is fitted to the meson mass spectrum.
The temperature dependence of the relaxation time for the \J/Psi distribution
in a homogeneous thermal pion gas is obtained. The use of charmonium for the
diagnostics of the state of hot hadronic matter produced in ultrarelativistic
nucleus-nucleus collisions is discussed.Comment: 24 pages, 3 tables, 7 figure
Significance of climate and hydrochemistry on shape variation – a case study on Neotropical cytheroidean Ostracoda
How environmental change affects a species' phenotype is crucial
not only for taxonomy and biodiversity assessments but also for its
application as a palaeo-ecological and ecological indicator. Previous
investigations addressing the impact of the climate and hydrochemical regime
on ostracod valve morphology have yielded contrasting results. Frequently
identified ecological factors influencing carapace shape are salinity,
cation, sulfate concentrations, and alkalinity. Here, we present a thorough
approach integrating data with the carapace outline and surface details of
the ubiquitous Neotropical cytheroidean ostracod species Cytheridella
ilosvayi, as well as several climatic and hydrochemical variables, in order
to investigate a potential link between morphology and environmental
conditions. A recent study previously demonstrated considerable
biogeographical variation in valve morphology among Floridian, Mexican and
Brazilian populations of this species. We hypothesize that the climatic
differences between the regions it inhabits and associated differences in
hydrochemical regimes have influenced valve morphology and eventually led to
biogeographically distinctive groups. Generalized least-squares Procrustes
analyses based on outline and structural features were applied to the left
and right valves of adult females and males. The analyses identified relative
carapace length and shape symmetry as most important morphological
characteristics representing shape differences across all datasets. Two-block
partial least-squares analyses and multiple regressions indicate strong
relationships between morphological and environmental variables, specifically
with temperature seasonality, annual precipitation and chloride and sulfate
concentrations. We suggest that increased temperature seasonality slowed down
growth rates during colder months, potentially triggering the development of
shortened valves with well-developed brood pouches. Differences in chloride
and sulfate concentrations, related to fluctuations in precipitation, are
considered to affect valve development via controlling osmoregulation and
carapace calcification. The factors identified by our analyses represent
hitherto unknown drivers for ostracod ecophenotypy in other species and
therefore suggest that environmental predictors for morphological variability
are not consistent across non-marine ostracods.</p
Charmonium suppression from purely geometrical effects
The extend to which geometrical effects contribute to the production and
suppression of the and minijet pairs in general is
investigated for high energy heavy ion collisions at SPS, RHIC and LHC
energies. For the energy range under investigation, the geometrical effects
referred to are shadowing and anti-shadowing, respectively. Due to those
effects, the parton distributions in nuclei deviate from the naive
extrapolation from the free nucleon result; . The strength
of the shadowing/anti-shadowing effect increases with the mass number. The
consequences of gluonic shadowing effects for the distribution of
's at GeV, GeV and TeV are
calculated for some relevant combinations of nuclei, as well as the
distribution of minijets at midrapidity for in the final state.Comment: corrected some typos, improved shadowing ratio
Shadowing in the nuclear photoabsorption above the resonance region
A model based on the hadronic fluctuations of the real photon is developed to
describe the total photonucleon and photonuclear cross sections in the energy
region above the nucleon resonances. The hadronic spectral function of the
photon is derived including the finite width of vector-meson resonances and the
quark-antiquark continuum. The shadowing effect is evaluated considering the
effective interaction of the hadronic component with the bound nucleons within
a Glauber-Gribov multiple scattering theory. The low energy onset of the
shadowing effect is interpreted as a possible signature of a modification of
the hadronic spectral function in the nuclear medium. A decrease of the
-meson mass in nuclei is suggested for a better explanation of the
experimental data.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure
Shadowing, Binding and Off-Shell Effects in Nuclear Deep Inelastic Scattering
We present a unified description of nuclear deep inelastic scattering (DIS)
over the whole region of the Bjorken variable. Our approach is based on
a relativistically covariant formalism which uses analytical properties of
quark correlators. In the laboratory frame it naturally incorporates two
mechanisms of DIS: (I) scattering from quarks and antiquarks in the target and
(II) production of quark-antiquark pairs followed by interactions with the
target. We first calculate structure functions of the free nucleon and develop
a model for the quark spectral functions. We show that mechanism (II) is
responsible for the sea quark content of the nucleon while mechanism (I)
governs the valence part of the nucleon structure functions. We find that the
coherent interaction of pairs with nucleons in the nucleus leads to
shadowing at small and discuss this effect in detail. In the large
region DIS takes place mainly on a single nucleon. There we focus on the
derivation of the convolution model. We point out that the off-shell properties
of the bound nucleon structure function give rise to sizable nuclear effects.Comment: 29 pages (and 10 figures available as hard copies from Authors),
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