Can the intraprostatic concentration of epidermal growth factor influence the variance of serum prostate specific antigen levels in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Purpose: Except for prostate volume, little is known about the factors influencing serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. Considering that dihydrotestosterone and epidermal growth factor are regulators of the proliferation and differentiation in the epithelial component of human prostate tissue and that PSA is produced only by the epithelial cells of the gland, studies were performed on patients with a histological diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to establish whether a significant association exists between the intraprostatic concentration of dihydrotestosterone or epidermal growth factor and serum PSA levels. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 patients with BPH who had not been previously treated were part of a larger study on the correlation among PSA, prostate volume and age, and were evaluated according to the algorithm in the guidelines of the international consultation on BPH. All men underwent open suprapubic prostatectomy to enucleate the entire adenoma and in each case sections were made in the periurethral, subcapsular and intermediate zones of the BPH tissue. Dihydrotestosterone and epidermal growth factor concentrations were evaluated by radioimmunoassay in the periurethral zone and in total BPH tissue. Results: In these 20 patients with BPH serum PSA levels were significantly associated with epidermal growth factor but not with dihydrotestosterone concentrations in total BPH tissue (r = 0.7762, p = 0.00002836 and r = 0.3923, p = 0.0956307, respectively). A stronger association was found between PSA levels and the periurethral concentration of epidermal growth factor and dihydrotestosterone (r = 0.8117, p = 0.000005 and r = 0.5656, p = 0.0098326, respectively). On the contrary, epidermal growth factor and dihydrotestosterone were not significantly associated with prostate volume (p = 0.957415 and p = 0.531439, respectively). Conclusions: To our knowledge this study is the first report in the literature to demonstrate an association between serum PSA, and dihydrotestosterone and epidermal growth factor levels, particularly in the periurethral zone of human BPH tissue. These data suggest the importance of epidermal growth factor and dihydrotestosterone in influencing serum PSA levels

RELATIONSHIP AMONG SYMPTOMS SCORE,PROSTATE VOLUME AND URINARY FLOW RATES IN 543 PATIENTS WITH AND WIHTOUT BPH

BACKGROUND. Studies on the relationship among symptom score, urinary flow rate, and prostate volume in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) continue to be of great interest. METHODS. A total of 2,418 men, aged 30-86 years, agreed to participate in an interview and to complete a questionnaire regarding voiding patterns. All subjects answering positively to one or more of the questions were submitted to a diagnostic assessment, based on the algorithm outlined by the guidelines of the International Consultation on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Five hundred forty-three out of the 2,418 participants (22.45%) were evaluated. At the end of the diagnostic evaluation, 400 men with LUTS but without concomitant conditions (except BPH) known to interfere with normal voiding were selected. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize age, symptom score (International Prostate Symptom Score), prostate volume, and urinary flow rate distribution in these patients. Correlations among the aforementioned parameters were evaluated by means of a multivariate, multiple linear regression and logistic regression model. RESULTS. As reported in other studies, only weak or modest correlations were found. Moreover, the 400 cases were classified according to four age decades. The decrease in peak and mean flow rate per decade of age was similar (0.5 and 0.4 ml/sec); the increase in prostate volume and in total symptom score per decade was 3.3 cc and 0.6, respectively. In patients less than 50 years old, most of the correlations were stronger than those observed in the entire population of 400 men (age and prostate volume, c.c. 0.2864; age and peak flow rate, c.c. -0.2689; age and mean flow rate, c.c. -0.3034). However, symptom score continued to be weakly correlated with age and prostate volume (c.c. 0.0498 and 0.1966, respectively). In the last part of the study, men were assigned to different treatment strategies. Patients who were assigned to surgical treatment had higher prostate volume and IPSS and lower urinary flow rate than those assigned to nonsurgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS. We believe that the reason for the weak statistical association frequently reported in the literature is mainly the urology clinic-based population from which the patient samples were drawn. Data emerging from this analysis support the hypothesis that age is one of the principal factors influencing the relationship among symptom score, urinary flow rate, and prostate volume. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc

Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and propensity towards HPV vaccine of young adult students in Italy

Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI), representing the main cause of genital warts and cervical cancer. This cross-sectional study evaluated knowledge and attitudes about HPV infection, related diseases, and prevention and propensity towards HPV vaccine among undergraduate students. Methods: An online and written survey about HPV and its prevention, targeted to young adults of both genders, was addressed to students attending health sciences and other schools at Universities of Genoa and Bari. Results: The overall median knowledge and attitude scores were 56.3% (25\u201375 p = 40\u201368.8%) and four out of five (25\u201375 p = 4\u20135), respectively. In the multivariate analysis, attending a health sciences university, using social networks 642 h a day, a history of STI, having heard about HPV and HPV vaccine previously resulted as predictors of higher knowledge scores. Having heard about HPV previously also predicted a high attitude score, together with a perceived economic status as good. Having Italian and healthcare worker parents, being employed, and following a specific diet, instead, predicted lower attitude score. Conclusions: Poor knowledge and good attitudes were found among undergraduates about HPV. In order to increase HPV vaccine compliance and the counselling skills of future healthcare workers, the improvement of training on HPV is needed

Effect of bone proteins on human prostate cancer cell lines in vitro

BACKGROUND Despite the high incidence and serious consequences of skeletal metastasis in prostate cancer patients, the mechanisms involved in establishing secondary lesions in bone are not well-understood. In this study, the role of the mineralized bone matrix in the process of skeletal metastasis was evaluated. METHODS Attachment, migration, and proliferation responses of human prostate cancer cells to a crude bone protein extract (CBE) were studied. LNCaP and DU145 cells were utilized in 24-hr attachment assays. Boyden chamber chemotactic assays and cell proliferation assays utilized DU145 cells. RESULTS CBE and fibronectin (FN) promoted attachment of DU145 cells, whereas only FN facilitated attachment of LNCaP cells. CBE-mediated adhesion of DU145 cells was reduced by 94% with cycloheximide, by 98% with RGD peptides, and by 94% with an antibody to ΑvΒ3. Although DU145 cells migrated toward FN, CBE did not promote migration of DU145 cells. DU145 cells grown in the presence of CBE-containing media demonstrated a significant reduction in cell number by day 4. The antiproliferative effect of CBE was not due to cell toxicity. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, results from this study indicate that mineralized bone proteins promote the attachment of DU145 cells in vitro and suggest that bone proteins may play a key role in vivo during the development of metastatic prostate lesions in bone. Prostate 36:14–22, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/34753/1/3_ftp.pd

Long-Term Prognostic Impact of Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients with COVID-19

The characteristics and clinical course of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been widely described, while long-term data are still poor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcome and its association with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. This was a prospective multicenter study of consecutive COVID-19 patients hospitalized at seven Italian Hospitals from 28 February to 20 April 2020. The study population was divided into two groups according to echocardiographic evidence of RV dysfunction. The primary study outcome was 1-year mortality. The propensity score matching was performed to balance for potential baseline confounders. The study population consisted of 224 patients (mean age 69 \ub1 14, male sex 62%); RV dysfunction was diagnosed in 63 cases (28%). Patients with RV dysfunction were older (75 vs. 67 years, p < 0.001), had higher prevenance of coronary artery disease (27% vs. 11%, p = 0.003), and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (50% vs. 55%, p <0.001). The rate of 1-year mortality (67% vs. 28%; p 64 0.001) was significantly higher in patients with RV dysfunction compared with patients without. After propensity score matching, patients with RV dysfunction showed a worse long-term survival (62% vs. 29%, p <0.001). The multivariable Cox regression model showed an independent association of RV dysfunction with 1-year mortality. RV dysfunction is a relatively common finding in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and it is independently associated with an increased risk of 1-year mortality

Inflammation and endothelial activation in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer

PURPOSE: Emerging insights underline a link among chronic inflammation and endothelial activation with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). We aim to investigate whether specific plasma markers of inflammation and endothelial activation allow to discriminate BPH and PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients affected by BPH, 15 by PCa and 15 controls, were enrolled. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), CD40 ligand (CD40L), endothelial-selectin (E-selectin), platelet-selectin (P-selectin), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured. RESULTS: In systemic blood samples, IL-6 has been found increased in patients affected by BPH (4.25 ± 0. pg/mL) and PCa (5.08 ± 0.24) respect to controls (2.62 ± 0.34; p < 0.05). CD40L was higher in BPH (4.25 ± 0.65 ng/mL; p < 0.05) than in control (2.31 ± 0.20) and PCa group (2.60 ± 0.56). E-selectin, P-selectin and VCAM-1 did not show any significant difference. Higher levels of ICAM-1 were detected in patients with PCa (573.04 ± 52.23) and BPH (564.40 ± 74.67) than in the controls (215.30 ± 11.53 ng/mL; p < 0.05). In local blood samples, IL-6 has been found significantly increased in PCa in comparison with patients with BPH; there was no difference in CD40L, E-selectin, P-selectin, VCAM-1 ed ICAM-1. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in inflammation and endothelial activation markers may be not considered to be of value in discriminating BPH and PCa