29 research outputs found
Comparative Enzymology of (2S,4R)4-Fluoroglutamine and (2S,4R)4-Fluoroglutamate
Many cancer cells have a strong requirement for glutamine. As an aid for understanding this phenomenon the (18)F-labeled 2S,4R stereoisomer of 4-fluoroglutamine [(2S,4R)4-FGln] was previously developed for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET). In the present work, comparative enzymological studies of unlabeled (2S,4R)4-FGln and its deamidated product (2S,4R)4-FGlu were conducted as an adjunct to these PET studies. Our findings are as follows: Rat kidney preparations catalyze the deamidation of (2S,4R)4-FGln. (2,4R)4-FGln and (2S,4R)4-FGlu are substrates of various aminotransferases. (2S,4R)4-FGlu is a substrate of glutamate dehydrogenase, but not of sheep brain glutamine synthetase. The compound is, however, a strong inhibitor of this enzyme. Rat liver cytosolic fractions catalyze a γ-elimination reaction with (2S,4R)4-FGlu, generating α-ketoglutarate. Coupling of a deamidase reaction with this γ-elimination reaction provides an explanation for the previous detection of (18)F(-) in tumors exposed to [(18)F](2S,4R)4-FGln. One enzyme contributing to this reaction was identified as alanine aminotransferase, which catalyzes competing γ-elimination and aminotransferase reactions with (2S,4R)4-FGlu. This appears to be the first description of an aminotransferase catalyzing a γ-elimination reaction. The present results demonstrate that (2S,4R)4-FGln and (2S,4R)4-FGlu are useful analogues for comparative studies of various glutamine- and glutamate-utilizing enzymes in normal and cancerous mammalian tissues, and suggest that tumors may metabolize (2S,4R)4-FGln in a generally similar fashion to glutamine. In plants, yeast and bacteria a major route for ammonia assimilation involves the consecutive action of glutamate synthase plus glutamine synthetase (glutamate synthase cycle). It is suggested that (2S,4R)4-FGln and (2S,4R)4-FGlu will be useful probes in studies of ammonia assimilation by the glutamate synthase pathway in these organisms. Finally, glutamine transaminases are conserved in mammals, plants and bacteria, and probably serve to close the methionine salvage pathway, thus linking nitrogen metabolism to sulfur metabolism and one-carbon metabolism. It is suggested that (2S,4R)4-FGln may be useful in studies of the methionine salvage pathway in a variety of organisms
Enantioselective Radiosynthesis of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Tracers Containing [<sup>18</sup>F]Fluorohydrins
Herein, we describe an operationally
straightforward radiosynthesis
of a chiral transition metal fluoride catalyst, [<sup>18</sup>F]Â(salen)ÂCoF,
and its use for late-stage enantioselective aliphatic radiofluorination.
We demonstrate the utility of the method by preparing single enantiomer
experimental and clinically validated PET tracers that contain base-sensitive
functional groups, epimerizable stereocenters, and nitrogen-rich motifs.
Unlike the conventional radiosyntheses of these targets with [<sup>18</sup>F]ÂKF, labeling with (salen)ÂCoF is possible in the last step
and under exceptionally mild conditions. These results constitute
a rare example of a nucleophilic radiofluorination using a transition
metal fluoride and highlight the potential of such reagents to enhance
traditional methods for labeling aliphatic hydrocarbons
Multidentate <sup>18</sup>F-Polypegylated Styrylpyridines As Imaging Agents for Aβ Plaques in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA)
β-Amyloid plaques (Aβ plaques) in the brain
are associated
with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Imaging agents that could
target the Aβ plaques in the living human brain would be potentially
valuable as biomarkers in patients with CAA. A new series of <sup>18</sup>F styrylpyridine derivatives with high molecular weights
for selectively targeting Aβ plaques in the blood vessels of
the brain but excluded from the brain parenchyma is reported. The
styrylpyridine derivatives, <b>8a</b>–<b>c</b>,
display high binding affinities and specificity to Aβ plaques
(<i>K</i><sub>i</sub> = 2.87, 3.24, and 7.71 nM, respectively).
In vitro autoradiography of [<sup>18</sup>F]<b>8a</b> shows
labeling of β-amyloid plaques associated with blood vessel walls
in human brain sections of subjects with CAA and also in the tissue
of AD brain sections. The results suggest that [<sup>18</sup>F]<b>8a</b> may be a useful PET imaging agent for selectively detecting
Aβ plaques associated with cerebral vessels in the living human
brain
[<sup>68</sup>Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-FAPI Derivatives with Improved Radiolabeling and Specific Tumor Uptake
Fibroblast
activation protein (FAP) is selectively expressed in
tumors and highly important for maintaining the microenvironment in
malignant tumors. Radioisotope-labeled FAP inhibitors (FAPIs) were
proven to be useful for diagnosis and radionuclide therapy of cancer
and are under active clinical investigations. Ga-HBED complex displays
a higher in vivo stability constant (log KGaL: 38.5), compared to that of Ga-DOTA (log KGaL: 21.3). Such advantage in stability constant suggests
that it may be useful for development of alternative FAPI imaging
agents. In this study, previously reported [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-02
and -04 were converted to the corresponding [68Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-FAPI-02
and -04 derivatives ([68Ga]Ga-4, [68Ga]Ga-5, [68Ga]Ga-6, and [68Ga]Ga-7). It was found that substituting the
DOTA chelating group with HBED-CC led to several unique and desirable
tumor-targeting properties: (1) robust, fast, and high yield labelingreadily
adaptable to a kit formulation; (2) high stabilities in vitro; (3) excellent FAP binding affinities (IC50 ranging between
4 and 7 nM) and improved cell uptake and retention (in HT1080 (FAP+)
cells); and (4) excellent selective in vivo tumor
uptake in nude mice bearing U87MG tumor. It appeared that Ga(III)
chelation with HBED-CC improved the in vivo kinetics
favoring higher tumor uptake and retention compared to the corresponding
Ga-DOTA complex. Out of the four tested ligands the new [68Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-FAPI dimer, [68Ga]Ga-6, displayed
the best tumor localization properties, and further studies are warranted
to demonstrate that it is an alternative FAP imaging agent for cancer
patients
[<sup>68</sup>Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-FAPI Derivatives with Improved Radiolabeling and Specific Tumor Uptake
Fibroblast
activation protein (FAP) is selectively expressed in
tumors and highly important for maintaining the microenvironment in
malignant tumors. Radioisotope-labeled FAP inhibitors (FAPIs) were
proven to be useful for diagnosis and radionuclide therapy of cancer
and are under active clinical investigations. Ga-HBED complex displays
a higher in vivo stability constant (log KGaL: 38.5), compared to that of Ga-DOTA (log KGaL: 21.3). Such advantage in stability constant suggests
that it may be useful for development of alternative FAPI imaging
agents. In this study, previously reported [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-02
and -04 were converted to the corresponding [68Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-FAPI-02
and -04 derivatives ([68Ga]Ga-4, [68Ga]Ga-5, [68Ga]Ga-6, and [68Ga]Ga-7). It was found that substituting the
DOTA chelating group with HBED-CC led to several unique and desirable
tumor-targeting properties: (1) robust, fast, and high yield labelingreadily
adaptable to a kit formulation; (2) high stabilities in vitro; (3) excellent FAP binding affinities (IC50 ranging between
4 and 7 nM) and improved cell uptake and retention (in HT1080 (FAP+)
cells); and (4) excellent selective in vivo tumor
uptake in nude mice bearing U87MG tumor. It appeared that Ga(III)
chelation with HBED-CC improved the in vivo kinetics
favoring higher tumor uptake and retention compared to the corresponding
Ga-DOTA complex. Out of the four tested ligands the new [68Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-FAPI dimer, [68Ga]Ga-6, displayed
the best tumor localization properties, and further studies are warranted
to demonstrate that it is an alternative FAP imaging agent for cancer
patients