786 research outputs found
Redetermination of parameters for semi-empirical model for spallogenic He and Ne in chondrites
A semi-empirical model described previously satisfactorily reproduced a number of shielding-dependent variations in the relative production rates of spallogenic He and Ne in chondrites. However, data for cores of the Keyes and St. Severin meteorites showed a subsurface build-up in He-3 which was not predicted with the original model parameters and the model was not pursued. Renewed interest in the preatmospheric size of meteorites, spurred in part by the desirability of understanding the exposure history of the SNC meteorites, justifies redetermination of model parameters
Effect of Waste Discharges into a Silt-laden Estuary: A Case Study of Cook Inlet, Alaska
Cook Inlet is not well known. Although its thirty-foot tidal range is widely appreciated,
its other characteristics, such as turbulence, horizontal velocities of flow, suspended sediment
loads, natural biological productivity, the effects of fresh water inflows, temperature,
and wind stresses, are seldom acknowledged. The fact that the Inlet has not been used for
recreation nor for significant commercial activity explains why the average person is not
more aware of these characteristics. Because of the gray cast created by the suspended
sediments in the summer and the ice floes in the winter, the Inlet does not have the aura of
a beautiful bay or fjord. The shoreline is inhospitable for parks and development, the currents
too strong for recreational activities, and, because of the high silt concentration, there
is little fishing. Yet, Cook Inlet, for all its negative attributes, can in no way be considered
an unlimited dumping ground for the wastes of man. It may be better suited for this purpose
than many bays in North America, but it does have a finite capacity for receiving
wastes without unduly disturbing natural conditions.
This report was written for the interested layman by engineers and scientists who tried
to present some highly technical information in such a manner that it could be understood
by environmentalists, concerned citizens, students, decision makers, and lawmakers alike.
In attempting to address such a diverse audience, we risked failing to be completely understood
by any one group. However, all too often research results are written solely for other
researchers, a practice which leads to the advancement of knowledge but not necessarily to
its immediate use by practicing engineers nor to its inclusion in social, economic, and
political decision-making processes. We hope this report will shorten the usual time lag between
the acquisition of new information and its use. Several additional reports will be
available for a limited distribution. These will be directed to technicians who wish to know
the mathematical derivations, assumptions, and other scientific details used in the study.
Technical papers by the individual authors, published in national and international scientific
and engineering journals, are also anticipated.The work upon which this report is based was supported in part by funds (Proj. B-015-ALAS)
provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources
Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Act of 1964, as amended
Which comorbid conditions should we be analyzing as risk factors for healthcare-associated infections?
OBJECTIVETo determine which comorbid conditions are considered causally related to central-line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and surgical-site infection (SSI) based on expert consensus.DESIGNUsing the Delphi method, we administered an iterative, 2-round survey to 9 infectious disease and infection control experts from the United States.METHODSBased on our selection of components from the Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity indices, 35 different comorbid conditions were rated from 1 (not at all related) to 5 (strongly related) by each expert separately for CLABSI and SSI, based on perceived relatedness to the outcome. To assign expert consensus on causal relatedness for each comorbid condition, all 3 of the following criteria had to be met at the end of the second round: (1) a majority (>50%) of experts rating the condition at 3 (somewhat related) or higher, (2) interquartile range (IQR)≤1, and (3) standard deviation (SD)≤1.RESULTSFrom round 1 to round 2, the IQR and SD, respectively, decreased for ratings of 21 of 35 (60%) and 33 of 35 (94%) comorbid conditions for CLABSI, and for 17 of 35 (49%) and 32 of 35 (91%) comorbid conditions for SSI, suggesting improvement in consensus among this group of experts. At the end of round 2, 13 of 35 (37%) and 17 of 35 (49%) comorbid conditions were perceived as causally related to CLABSI and SSI, respectively.CONCLUSIONSOur results have produced a list of comorbid conditions that should be analyzed as risk factors for and further explored for risk adjustment of CLABSI and SSI.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:449–454</jats:sec
Statistical Mechanics of Dictionary Learning
Finding a basis matrix (dictionary) by which objective signals are
represented sparsely is of major relevance in various scientific and
technological fields. We consider a problem to learn a dictionary from a set of
training signals. We employ techniques of statistical mechanics of disordered
systems to evaluate the size of the training set necessary to typically succeed
in the dictionary learning. The results indicate that the necessary size is
much smaller than previously estimated, which theoretically supports and/or
encourages the use of dictionary learning in practical situations.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Ar-40/Ar-39 Ages of Maskelynite Grains from ALHA 77005
We present Ar-40/Ar-39 measurements for twelve small (20-60 micro-g) maskelynite samples from the heavily shocked martian meteorite ALHA 77005. The reported modal composition for ALHA 77005 is 50-60% olivine (Fa28), 30-40% pyroxene (Wo5Fs23En72), approx.8% maskelynite (An53), and approx.2% opaques by volume [1]). The meteorite is usually classified as a lherzolite. Previous Studies - Ar-40/Ar-39 results from previous work display disturbed release spectra [2,3]. In study [2], Ar-40/Ar-39 measurements on a 52-mg whole-rock sample produced an extremely disturbed release spec-trum, with all calculated apparent ages > 1 Ga, (Fig. 1). In a subsequent study [3], a light and a dark phase were analyzed. A 2.3-mg sample of the light, relatively low-K phase produced a disturbed release spectrum. For the first 20% of the Ar-39(sub K), most of the apparent ages exceeded >1 Ga; the remaining 80% yielded ages between 0.3-0.5 Ga. The integrated age for this phase is 0.9 Ga
On testing the violation of the Clausius inequality in nanoscale electric circuits
The Clausius inequality, one of the classical formulations of the second law,
was recently found to be violated in the quantum regime. Here this result is
formulated in the context of a mesoscopic or nanoscale linear RLC circuit
interacting with a thermal bath. Previous experiments in this and related
fields are analyzed and possibilities of experimental detection of the
violation are pointed out. It is discussed that recent experiments reached the
range of temperatures, where the effect should be visible, and that a part of
the proposal was already confirmed.Comment: 5 pages revtex 4. No figure
Ar-40/Ar-39 Ages for Maskelynites and K-Rich Melt from Olivine-Rich Lithology in (Kanagawa) Zagami
We report Ar/Ar release patterns for small maskelynite grains and samples of a K-rich phase separated from the basaltic shergottite Zagami. The purpose of the work is to investigate the well-known discrepancy between published Ar/Ar ages of Zagami, >200 Ma, and its age of approx. 170 Ma as determined by other methods [1-6]. Niihara et al. [7] divide less abundant darker material present in Zagami into an olivine-rich lithology (ORL), from which most of our samples came, and a pyroxene-rich one (Dark Mottled-Lithology: DML) [8, 9]. ORL consists of vermicular fayalitic olivine, coarse-grained pyroxene, maskelynite, and a glassy phase exceptionally rich in K (up to 8.5 wt%), Al, and Si, but poor in Fe and Mg. The elemental composition suggests a late-stage melt, i.e., residual material that solidified late in a fractional crystallization sequence. Below we refer to it as "K-rich melt." The K-rich melt contains laths of captured olivine, Ca-rich pyroxene, plagioclase, and opaques. It seemed to offer an especially promising target for Ar-40/Ar-39 dating
Ar-40/Ar-39 Studies of Martian Meteorite RBT 04262 and Terrestrial Standards
Park et al. recently presented an Ar-40/Ar-39 dating study of maskelynite separated from the Martian meteorite RBT 04262. Here we report an additional study of Ar-40/Ar-39 patterns for smaller samples, each consisting of only a few maskelynite grains. Considered as a material for Ar-40/Ar-39 dating, the shock-produced glass maskelynite has both an important strength (relatively high K concentration compared to other mineral phases) and some potentially problematic weaknesses. At Rutgers, we have been analyzing small grains consisting of a single phase to explore local effects that might be averaged and remain hidden in larger samples. Thus, to assess the homogeneity of the RBT maskelynite and for comparison with the results of, we analyzed six approx. 30 microgram samples of the same maskelynite separate they studied. Furthermore, because most Ar-40/Ar-39 are calculated relative to the age of a standard, we present new Ar-40/Ar-39 age data for six standards. Among the most widely used standards are sanidine from Fish Canyon (FCs) and various hornblendes (hb3gr, MMhb-1, NL- 25), which are taken as primary standards because their ages have been determined by independent, direct measurements of K and A-40
Late Bombardment of the Lunar Highlands Recorded in MIL 090034, MIL 090036 and MIL 090070 Lunar Meteorites
The Kaguya mission detected small but widespread outcrops of nearly pure ferroan anorthosite in and around large impact basins on the Moon. Along with certain lunar rocks, highly feldspathic lunar meteorites such as MIL 090034 (M34), 090036 (M36), and 090070 (M70) may provide samples of this material. We have measured the Ar-40/Ar-39 release patterns and cosmogenic Ar-38 concentrations of several small (<200 microg) samples separated from M34,36, and 70. From petrographic observations concluded that "some of the clasts and grains experienced generations of modifications," a conclusion that we examine in light of our data
Long-range potential fluctuations and 1/f noise in hydrogenated amorphous silicon
We present a microscopic theory of the low-frequency voltage noise (known as
"1/f" noise) in micrometer-thick films of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. This
theory traces the noise back to the long-range fluctuations of the Coulomb
potential produced by deep defects, thereby predicting the absolute noise
intensity as a function of the distribution of defect activation energies. The
predictions of this theory are in very good agreement with our own experiments
in terms of both the absolute intensity and the temperature dependence of the
noise spectra.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, several new parts and one new figure are added,
but no conceptual revision
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