A BAX/BAK and Cyclophilin D-Independent Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway

Most intrinsic death signals converge into the activation of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family members BAX and BAK at the mitochondria, resulting in the release of cytochrome c and apoptosome activation. Chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to apoptosis through the upregulation of a subset of pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins, activating BAX and BAK at the mitochondria. Here we provide evidence indicating that the full resistance of BAX and BAK double deficient (DKO) cells to ER stress is reverted by stimulation in combination with mild serum withdrawal. Cell death under these conditions was characterized by the appearance of classical apoptosis markers, caspase-9 activation, release of cytochrome c, and was inhibited by knocking down caspase-9, but insensitive to BCL-XL overexpression. Similarly, the resistance of BIM and PUMA double deficient cells to ER stress was reverted by mild serum withdrawal. Surprisingly, BAX/BAK-independent cell death did not require Cyclophilin D (CypD) expression, an important regulator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Our results suggest the existence of an alternative intrinsic apoptosis pathway emerging from a cross talk between the ER and the mitochondria

Leaching of spent pot-lining with aluminium nitrate and nitric acid: Effect of reaction conditions and thermodynamic modelling of solution speciation

A study of the leaching behaviour of spent pot-lining (SPL), a hazardous waste generated at the end-of-life of aluminium smelting cells, has been carried out using Al(NO3)3· 9H2O and HNO 3 solutions. Following an initial water wash, a single leaching step using 0.5 M HNO3 and 0.36 M Al(NO3)3 at 60 C extracted a total of 96.3 wt.% of the remaining fluoride, complete extraction of magnesium and 90% of the calcium content, originally in the form of MgF 2 and CaF2. In the absence of Al(NO3) 3, iron extraction is almost complete when SPL is treated with 0.5 HNO3 M solution at 60 C. CN- was selectively extracted when 0.2 M HNO3 at 60 C was used, and could be selectively precipitated from the scrubbing solution in the form of salts of transition metals for catalytic applications. Experimental observations have been correlated with a mathematical model of the solution equilibria, which identified AlF2 + and AlF2 + as the main species responsible for fluoride extraction from Na3AlF6 and CaF2. Selective precipitation by pH adjustment is proposed as a means to recover fluoride and metal values. Aluminium and fluoride can be selectively precipitated as AlF2OH·1.4H2O for conversion into smelter grade (SG) AlF3

Treatment of Spent Pot-lining with Aluminum Anodizing Wastewaters: Selective Precipitation of Aluminum and Fluoride as an Aluminum Hydroxyfluoride Hydrate Product

Wastewaters generated by the aluminum anodizing industry have been identified as a source of acid, Al³⁺, and caustic values that could be used for the treatment of spent pot-lining (SPL) generated in primary aluminum smelting. In this paper, recovery of aluminum and fluoride values as an aluminum fluoride product that could be converted into smelter grade (SG) AlF₃ for recycling in aluminum smelting is reported. Experimental observations were contrasted with a thermodynamic model of the solution equilibria and new values for the solubility product of AlF₂OH·1.4H₂O, 10^–15 at 30 °C and 10^–23.8 at 50 °C, are reported. Neutralization of leachates obtained from SPL treatment with aluminum anodizing acid wastewaters was performed using 2 M NaOH and, alternatively, waste caustic solutions from the aluminum anodizing industry. pH-static precipitation with 2 M NaOH successfully recovered 92 wt % of the solubilized fluoride as AlF₂OH·1.4H₂O at pH 4.0 and 70 °C, although a hydrolyzed Na₅Al₃F₁₄-like product (3–5 wt % Na) coprecipitated. Seeded heterogeneous nucleation of AlF₂OH·1.4H₂O on SG Al­(OH)₃ yielded a product that could be acceptable to AlF₃ manufacturers, meeting specifications for particle size and phosphorus and silicon content. Caustic wastewaters from the aluminum anodizing industry were identified as suitable to provide the caustic values required for precipitation, providing that Al concentration is decreased by aging the solutions under seeded conditions. The use of caustic waste from the aluminum anodizing industry to treat the SPL leachates obtained with acidic anodizing waste totally removes the need of chemical reagents for SPL treatment and fluoride recovery

Leaching of Spent Pot-Lining with Aluminum Anodizing Wastewaters: Fluoride Extraction and Thermodynamic Modeling of Aqueous Speciation

The cotreatment of spent pot-lining (SPL), a high fluoride (20 wt %), and cyanide (up to 1 wt %) waste generated in aluminum smelting, and Al³⁺ wastewaters generated by the aluminum anodizing industry was identified in this work as a treatment alternative that holds the potential to virtually remove the need for purchasing chemical reagents while keeping carbon dioxide emissions to a minimum. The process proposed involves fluoride leaching with anodizing wastewaters and precipitation of AlF₂OH by treatment with caustic waste from the aluminum anodizing industry. AlF₂OH can be directly injected into fluidized beds that are used to convert Al­(OH)₃ to AlF₃. Since AlF₃ is used in primary aluminum smelting, aluminum and fluoride from aluminum industry wastes such as SPL and anodizing wastewaters are recovered in a form that can be readily used as a feedstock in the aluminum industry. In this paper, the results of SPL leaching studies using aluminum anodizing waste are presented together with a model of the solution equilibria, which has been used to interpret experimental observations. Mild leaching temperatures were used and no chemical reagents other than anodizing waste were necessary to extract the soluble fluoride

Centre d'Estudis sobre les \uc8poques Franquista i Democr\ue0tica

Si tratta di approfondire le caratteristiche essenziali della dittatura franchista in Spagna, i caratteri della transizione alla democrazia e confrontare i vari metodi di approccio e di analisi del tema in diversi paesi europei (ed extra europei

Formation and oxidation of nanosized metal particles by electrochemical reaction of Li and Na with NiCo2O4: X-ray absorption spectroscopic study

X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy have been used to investigate the electrochemical reactions of NiCo2O4 in lithium and sodium test cells. Nanosized particles of NiCo2O4 were prepared by the thermal decomposition of a mixed oxalate precursor and used as active electrode material. Ni K and Co K XANES results give evidence of the successive steps in the reduction mechanism of the oxide during the first cell discharge. In a first step NiCo2O4 reacts with lithium and sodium and the reduction of both Ni3+ and Co3+ to the 2+ oxidation state is shown by a peak shift to lower energy values. As a result, sodium oxide or lithium oxide and the transition metal monoxides are formed. Second, metallic products are formed, in which the average coordination numbers of the nearest neighbors for Ni and Co derived from the EXAFS data are 4 and 5, respectively, associated with ca. 1 nm particle size. These novel ultrafine particles are stabilized in the Li2O matrix of the discharged electrodes. Reoxidation of the metallic products up to a divalent state of Ni and Co in the form of monoxides is achieved during the charge process of the electrochemical cells

Etnografía de las regiones indígenas de México. 15 años de trabajo. 4-5 Año 1 (2014) septiembre-diciembre. Rutas de Campo

- Presentación por Diego Prieto Hernández. - Reseña. Miguel A. Bartolomé y Alicia M. Barabas (coords.), Los sueños y los días. Chamanismo y nahualismo en el México actual, 5 vols., México, inah (Etnografía de los Pueblos Indígenas de México), 2013-2014. - Reseña. Volumen I: Pueblos del noroeste por María Eugenia Olavarría Patiño. - Reseña. Volumen II: Pueblos mayas por Miguel Lisbona Guillén. - Volumen III: Pueblos de Oaxaca y Guerrero por Saúl Millán Valenzuela. - Reseña. Volumen IV: Pueblos nahuas y otomíes por Enrique Hugo García Valencia. Reseña. Volumen V: Pueblos otomíes, huastecos, pames, totonacos y purépechas por Antonella Fagetti. - Los chamanes y sus prácticas en el México contemporáneo. Comentarios durante la presentación por Alicia M. Barabas y Miguel A. Bartolomé. - El proyecto nacional Etnografía de las Regiones Indígenas de México en el Nuevo Milenio: una experiencia académica y de gestión en la investigación antropológica por Gloria Artís Mercadet. - Después del vendaval: la reconstitución del proyecto nacional Etnografía de las Regiones Indígenas de México, en su tercera etapa (2009-2014) por Diego Prieto Hernández y Citlali Quecha Reyna. - Los quehaceres de la etnografía latinoamericana por Alicia M. Barabas. - Naturaleza y culturas: reflexiones sobre la “nueva etnografía” por Miguel A. Bartolomé. - Similitudes y distancias: el proyecto de Etnografía a 15 años de distancia por Saúl Millán Valenzuela. Las circunstancias del trabajo de campo en antropología: experiencias y reflexiones por Aída Castilleja González. - Proyecto Nacional de Etnografía: un recuento en clave peninsular por Ella F. Quintal Avilés. - Aridoamérica invisible: una visión etnográfica por José Luis Moctezuma Zamarrón. - La etnografía que acompañó al estudio Los mazatecos ante la nación. Contradicciones de la identidad étnica en el México actual por Eckart Boege. - Reflexiones sobre la etnografía por Julieta Valle Esquivel. - Portafolio. - Aprendizajes, etnografía, anécdotas, rigurosidad, teoría, formación y hasta promiscuidades: formación y experiencia como investigadora en el proyecto “Etnografía” por María Jesús Cen Montuy. - La perspectiva del equipo Estado de México por Jaime Enrique Carreón Flores. - Reflexiones sobre cómo hacemos etnografía y cómo la etnografía nos hace a nosotros por María Cristina Hernández Bernal. - Etnografía para todos por Iván Gerardo Deance Bravo y Troncoso. - El tesoro de nuestro pueblo y el proyecto “Etnografía” por Iván A. Romero Redondo. - Etnografía al desnudo. El proyecto Etnografía de las Regiones Indígenas de México en el Nuevo Milenio: 15 años de aprendizaje por Jorge Antonio Reyes Valdez. - Algunas memorias y ciertos reparos en conmemoración de los 15 años del proyecto de Etnografía por Eliana Acosta Márquez. - Proyecto que proyecta por María Gabriela Garrett Ríos. - La “otra” formación. Algo más que etnografía por Leopoldo Trejo Barrientos. - Soy una hija del Proyecto Nacional de Etnografía por María del Carmen Castillo Cisneros. - La etnografía como proceso colectivo por Rodolfo Oliveros Espinosa. - La etnografía no es diálogo o sólo lo es en segunda instancia, comentario metodológico por Carlos Guadalupe Heiras Rodríguez. - Avatares de la etnografía por Mirza Mendoza Rico. - Atlas etnográficos de México por Juan José Atilano Flores. - Obras publicadas