Pengaruh Pembangunan Nasional terhadap Pembangunan Desa

In order to enhance public participacion in required development approaches or methods, to increase community participation in the development process from the community itself. Rural development is intended to help rural communities build rural infrastucture and refers to a variety of necessary, or policy measures to be taken by the government in implementing development needs to be placed in a single unit with thw city in order to develop an integrated region. Implementation of rural development is inseparable from the consciousness of every citizen who lives in the village, community participation is a condition that can guarantee the succesfull development of rural development is essentially a procces of modernization that led to the nation, society and the State of Indonesia towards better life ahead. Keywords:    participation, development, modernization, rural, village,implementation, communities, society

Mengkaji Perbandingan Pola Perilaku Konsumen di Pasar Modern (Retail) dan di Pasar Tradisional

The purposes of this study were to explain the behavior patterns of consumers in traditional and modern markets. The sampling criteria were: women, minimum age 17 years, and had shopped at the Surabaya traditional market or modern market. The result show that factors influence consumer to purchase in the traditional market were low price and strategic location and in the modern market were comfortable, good layout and discounted price. The factors that affect consumers reluctant to shop in the traditional market were uncomfortable, unguaranty quality product, bad infrastructure and in the modern market were high price and no bargaining price

BIOSYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIPARKINSON ACTIVITY OF MAGNETITE-INDONESIAN VELVET BEANS (Mucuna pruriens L.) NANOPARTICLES

The aims of the present study were to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles mediated by the extract of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) seed from Indonesia and evaluate its anticataleptic effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy mice. The magnetite-M. pruriens seed extract nanoparticles (FeMPn) were synthesized by reacting ferric chloride (FeCl3) solution with M. pruriens seed extract. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) were used to characterize the FeMPn synthesized. Catalepsy test of FeMPn was performed at dosages of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/kg body weight. SEM and TEM images showed the aggregation of FeMPn with a spherical shape and smallest size of 30.5 nm. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of Fe-O bonding from the absorption band at 557.4 cm-1 . TGA/DTA results confirmed that the addition of Fe leads to increase the thermal stability of the extract. The administration of FeMPn at all dosages was able to lower the catalepsy in mice significantly and it was better than the extract itself with the best dosage was 10 mg/kg body weight. These findings suggest that FeMPn could be a promising option for antiparkinson treatment

Engine emissions analysis of emulsified fuel of different blend ratios

Diesel engines are widely used because of their fuel efficiency in producing a higher mechanical energy ratio compared to gasoline engines. The current study is an extension of these efforts where diesel and biodiesel blend are modified to emulsify and oxygenate through water and alcohol to reduce NOx emissions from the exhaust. Biodiesel on the other hand, has the advantage of being sulfur-free, which reduces the emission of smoke and particulate matters but unfortunately increases NOx emissions. Meanwhile, emulsion fuel is found to lower the temperature of the cylinder during combustion and thus, reduce the release of NOx gas. The oxygenated fuels are tested for their emission behaviors in a four-stroke, single cylinder, water cooled, and direct fuel injection engine evaluated at a speed of 1200 rpm until 2400 rpm with the engine load varied at 0%, 50% and 100%. The method of fuel oxygenation and their effect on the concentration of NOx are discussed. The results have demonstrated a significant reduction in the NOx emission with an increase in the fraction ratio of palm oil biodiesel. The competition to produce high-performance and environmentally friendly fuels has made emulsion fuel and biodiesel renewable fuels believed to be new alternative fuels that emit very little NOx emissions into the atmosphere

Iodine doped carbon nanotube cables exceeding specific electrical conductivity of metals

Creating highly electrically conducting cables from macroscopic aggregates of carbon nanotubes, to replace metallic wires, is still a dream. Here we report the fabrication of iodine-doped, double-walled nanotube cables having electrical resistivity reaching ∼10−7 Ω.m. Due to the low density, their specific conductivity (conductivity/weight) is higher than copper and aluminum and is only just below that of the highest specific conductivity metal, sodium. The cables exhibit high current-carrying capacity of 104∼105 A/cm2 and can be joined together into arbitrary length and diameter, without degradation of their electrical properties. The application of such nanotube cables is demonstrated by partly replacing metal wires in a household light bulb circuit. The conductivity variation as a function of temperature for the cables is five times smaller than that for copper. The high conductivity nanotube cables could find a range of applications, from low dimensional interconnects to transmission lines

Engine modelling of a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled by diesel-methanol blend

Performance on diesel engines with various combustion chamber sizes and fuel injection require effective handling so that the root combustion process in large diesel engines is timely. This study compares the experimental data with simulation through the single cylinder diesel modelling using GT-Power software. This simulation utilises parameters in diesel engines of 1000 and 2000 rpm speeds with methanol and diesel fuels. This modelling aims to develop a single cylinder diesel engine by measuring all components on the machine. The comparison between the simulation results and experimental data indicate similar collaboration with a difference about 5%–10%. Based on the results, the modelling of developed machine shows that simulation using GT-Power software is able to successfully validate all machine data parameters up to 90%. This simulation result can be expressed accurately similar to the experimental results and can be used as standardization for a single cylinder diesel engine design

Synthesis and antiparkinsonian activity of nanocomposite of chitosan-tripolyphosphate-Mucuna pruriens L extract (CS-TPP-MP)

Mucuna pruriens L. (MP) has antiparkinsonian activity because it contains levodopa that acts as a dopamine precursor and plays a role to stimulate dopaminergic receptors in Parkinson's sufferers. The therapeutic efficacy of MP extract can be improved by using a nano drug carrier system, such as chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP). This study aims to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate antiparkinsonian activity of chitosan-tripolyphosphate-MP extract (CS-TPP-MP) nanocomposite in mice. MP seed powder was extracted by maceration method using water-ethanol (1:1) by adding citric acid until it reached pH 3. The CS-TPP-MP nanocomposite was synthesized by using ionic gelation method with variations in reactant composition and reaction time. The CS-TPP-MP nanocomposite was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Catalepsy test was performed to find the antiparkinsonian activity level of CS-TPP-MP nanocomposite at doses of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/kg body weight. Based on the results of CS-TPP-MP synthesis, it was found that the reactant composition (CS-TPP:MP) of 1:3 with reaction time of 20 minutes produced the highest yield (14.21%.) SEM-EDX characterization showed that the morphology of CS-TPP-MP nanocomposite was predominantly spherical and the size was approximately 120-170 nm with a composition of C = 55.43%, O = 30.46%, N = 13.46%, P = 0.44%. XRD diffractogram showed that CS-TPP-MP nanocomposite has amorphous structure. FTIR analysis showed the appearance of absorption at wavelength of 1643.35 cm−1 which proved the interaction between the primary amine group of chitosan and the carbonyl group of EMP. Catalepsy test demonstrated that CS-TPP-MP nanocomposite at the doses of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/kg body weight could reduce catalepsy symptoms in mice significantly, and the best dosage was 20 mg/kg body weight

Absorbance ratio optimization as a function of TiO₂-POE nanolubricant spectrophotometric wavelength using the quadratic design on one factor at a time

Errors in the UV visible spectrophotometry analysis’ selection of spectral peaks can lead to errors in the nanolubricant stability analysis. Despite the fact that the spectral peak results are compared at the same peak, it is critical to identify the correct spectral to avoid errors in the nanolubricant stability analysis results. In this study, one factor at a time (OFAT) based on surface response was adopted to determine the effect of wavelength selection on the absorbance ratio of TiO2-POE nanolubricant. The TiO2-POE sample was prepared using a two-steps approach. The sample was ultrasonicated for 100 min using a homogenizer. UV visible spectrophotometry analysis was performed on day 1 and 15 to determine the absorbance ratio. Sixteen runs were performed using a quadratic design to acquire experimental data were fitted. The ANOVA analysis discovered that the experimental statistics were well suited to the polynomial model, with an R2 value of 0.9970 and a model F-value of 2154.24. The findings suggest that the optimum wavelength is 500 nm with an absorbance value of 0.901239 and a desirability level of 1.0

The effect of oxygenated turpentine oil additive in diesel fuel on the performance and emission characteristics in one-cylinder DI engines

A study on the application of oxygenated turpentine oil as a bio-additive in diesel fuel was conducted. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of oxygenated turpentine oil additive in diesel fuel on the performance and emission characteristics in diesel engines. Oxygenated turpentine oil is obtained from the oxidation process of turpentine oil. In this experimental study, the influences of oxygenated turpentine oil-diesel blended fuel OT0.2 (0.2% vol oxygenated turpentine oil and 99.8% vol diesel) were compared with pure diesel on engine performance, and emission characteristics were examined in a one-cylinder four-stroke CI engine. The test was performed at two engine loads (25% and 50%) and seven engine speeds (from 1200–2400 rpm with intervals of 200 rpm). The physiochemical characteristics of test fuels were acquired. The engine indicated power, indicated torque, fuel flow rate, and emissions (carbon dioxide, CO2; carbon monoxide, CO; and nitrogen oxide, NOX ) were examined. The results revealed that the engine power shows slight increments of 0.7–1.1%, whereas the engine torque slightly decreased with oxygenated turpentine usage compared to pure diesel in most conditions. Furthermore, a reduction in NOX emission decreased by about 0.3–66% with the addition of oxygenated turpentine in diesel compared to diesel. However, usage of OT0.2 decreased fuel flow rate in most speeds at low load but gave a similar value to diesel at 50% load. CO emissions slightly increased with an average of 1.2% compared to diesel while CO2 emissions increased up to 37.5% than diesel. The high-water content, low cetane number, and low heating value of oxygenated turpentine oil were the reasons for the inverse effect found in the engine performances