Introduction to the CoNLL-2001 Shared Task: Clause Identification

We describe the CoNLL-2001 shared task: dividing text into clauses. We give background information on the data sets, present a general overview of the systems that have taken part in the shared task and briefly discuss their performance

Mapping the Decoupling : Transfer Efficiency of the Single Farm Payment Scheme

This paper focuses on the question of the transfer efficiency of the SFP scheme and represents graphically the results of an analytical framework with the seminal Surplus Transformation Curve initiated by Josling (1974) and developed by Gardner (1983). The special feature of the SFP scheme resides in the paradox that exists between the tradability of the entitlements and the activation constraint that creates a particular link to the land. The main result is that redistributive effects between landowners and farmers depend on the total number of entitlements, so they have to be considered as a lever to increase the transfer efficiency of the scheme.Single Farm Payment, transfer efficiency, surplus transformation curve, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance,

Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions of z~0.7 Star-Forming Galaxies

We analyze the infrared (IR) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 10micron < lambda(rest) < 100micron for ~600 galaxies at z~0.7 in the extended Chandra Deep Field South by stacking their Spitzer 24, 70 and 160micron images. We place interesting constraints on the average IR SED shape in two bins: the brightest 25% of z~0.7 galaxies detected at 24micron, and the remaining 75% of individually-detected galaxies. Galaxies without individual detections at 24micron were not well-detected at 70micron and 160micron even through stacking. We find that the average IR SEDs of z~0.7 star-forming galaxies fall within the diversity of z~0 templates. While dust obscuration Lir/Luv seems to be only a function of star formation rate (SFR; ~ Lir+Luv), not of redshift, the dust temperature of star-forming galaxies (with SFR ~ 10 solar mass per year) at a given IR luminosity was lower at z~0.7 than today. We suggest an interpretation of this phenomenology in terms of dust geometry: intensely star-forming galaxies at z~0 are typically interacting, and host dense centrally-concentrated bursts of star formation and warm dust temperatures. At z~0.7, the bulk of intensely star-forming galaxies are relatively undisturbed spirals and irregulars, and we postulate that they have large amounts of widespread lower-density star formation, yielding lower dust temperatures for a given IR luminosity. We recommend what IR SEDs are most suitable for modeling intermediate redshift galaxies with different SFRs.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Ap

The stellar mass function of galaxies in Planck-selected clusters at 0.5 < z < 0.7: new constraints on the timescale and location of satellite quenching

We study the abundance of star-forming and quiescent galaxies in a sample of 21 massive clusters at 0.5<z<0.7, detected with the Planck satellite. We measure the cluster galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), which is a fundamental observable to study and constrain the formation and evolution of galaxies. Our measurements are based on homogeneous and deep multi-band photometry spanning u- to the Ks-band for each cluster and are supported by spectroscopic data from different programs. The galaxy population is separated between quiescent and star-forming galaxies based on their rest-frame U-V and V-J colours. The SMF is compared to that of field galaxies at the same redshifts, using data from the COSMOS/UltraVISTA survey. We find that the shape of the SMF of star-forming galaxies does not depend on environment, while the SMF of quiescent galaxies has a significantly steeper low-mass slope in the clusters compared to the field. We estimate the environmental quenching efficiency (f_EQ), i.e. the probability for a galaxy that would normally be star forming in the field, to be quenched due to its environment. The f_EQ shows no stellar-mass dependence in any environment, but it increases from 40% in the cluster outskirts to ~90% in the cluster centres. The radial signature of f_EQ provides constraints on where the dominant quenching mechanism operates in these clusters and on what timescale. Exploring these using a simple model based on galaxy orbits obtained from an N-body simulation, we find a clear degeneracy between both parameters. For example, the quenching process may either be triggered on a long (~3 Gyr) time scale at large radii (r~8R_500), or happen well within 1 Gyr at r<R_500. The radius where quenching is triggered is at least r_quench> 0.67R_500 (95%CL). The ICM density at this location suggests that ram-pressure stripping of the cold gas is a likely cause of quenching. [Abridged]Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Pacific subduction coeval with the Karoo mantle plume : the early Jurassic subcordilleran belt of northwestern Patagonia

The Early Mesozoic magmatism of southwestern Gondwana is reviewed in the light of new U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages (181 ± 2 Ma, 181 ± 3 Ma, 185 ± 2 Ma, and 182 ± 2 Ma) that establish an Early Jurassic age for the granites of the Subcordilleran plutonic belt in northwestern Argentine Patagonia. New geochemical and isotopic data confirm that this belt represents an early subduction-related magmatic arc along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana. Thus, subduction was synchronous with the initial phase of Chon Aike rhyolite volcanism ascribed to the thermal effects of the Karoo mantle plume and heralding rifting of this part of the supercontinent. Overall, there is clear evidence that successive episodes of calc-alkaline arc magmatism from Late Triassic times until establishment of the Andean Patagonian batholith in the Late Jurassic involved westerly migration and clockwise rotation of the arc. This indicates a changing geodynamic regime during Gondwana break-up and suggests differential rollback of the subducted slab, with accretion of new crustal material and/or asymmetrical ‘scissor-like’ opening of back-arc basins. This almost certainly entailed dextral displacement of continental domains in Patagonia

320g Ionization-Heat Cryogenic Detector for Dark Matter Search in the EDELWEISS Experiment

The EDELWEISS experiment used in 2001 a 320g heat-and-ionization cryogenic Ge detector operated in a low-background environment in the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane for direct WIMP detection. This detector presents an increase of more than 4 times the mass of previous detectors. Calibrations of this detector are used to determine its energy resolution and fiducial volume, and to optimize the detector design for the 1kg phase of the EDELWEISS-I experiment. Analysis of the calibrations and characteristics of a first series of 320g-detectors are presented.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Children perceive speech onsets by ear and eye*

Adults use vision to perceive low-fidelity speech; yet how children acquire this ability is not well understood. The literature indicates that children show reduced sensitivity to visual speech from kindergarten to adolescence. We hypothesized that this pattern reflects the effects of complex tasks and a growth period with harder-to-utilize cognitive resources, not lack of sensitivity. We investigated sensitivity to visual speech in children via the phonological priming produced by low-fidelity (non-intact onset) auditory speech presented audiovisually (see dynamic face articulate consonant/rhyme b/ag; hear non-intact onset/rhyme: −b/ag) vs. auditorily (see still face; hear exactly same auditory input). Audiovisual speech produced greater priming from four to fourteen years, indicating that visual speech filled in the non-intact auditory onsets. The influence of visual speech depended uniquely on phonology and speechreading. Children – like adults – perceive speech onsets multimodally. Findings are critical for incorporating visual speech into developmental theories of speech perception

Comparative ploidy response to experimental hydrogen peroxide exposure in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

While research into the growth, survival, nutrition and, more recently, disease susceptibility of triploid Atlantic salmon has expanded, there remains an overall lack of studies assessing the response of triploids to chemical treatments. It is essential that the response of triploids to disease treatments be characterised to validate their suitability for commercial production. This study aimed to investigate and compare the stress and immune responses of triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon following an experimental treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A dose response test was first undertaken to determine a suitable test dose for both diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Following this, diploids and triploids were exposed to H2O2 (1800 ppm) for 20 min, as per commercial practices, after which blood glucose and lactate, and plasma cortisol and lysozyme were measured, along with the expression of oxidative stress and immune-related genes. In the first 6 h post-exposure to H2O2, comparable mortalities occurred in both diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Cortisol, glucose and lactate were not significantly influenced by ploidy suggesting that, physiologically, triploid Atlantic salmon are able to cope with the stress associated with H2O2 exposure as well as their diploid counterparts. Exposure to H2O2 significantly elevated the expression of cat and sod2 in diploid livers and gr, il1β and crp/sap1b in diploid gills, while it significantly decreased the expression of saa5 and crp/sap1a in diploid gills. In triploids, the expression levels of cat, hsp70, sod1, saa5, crp/sap1a and crp/sap1b in liver was significantly higher in fish exposed to H2O2 compared to control fish. The expression of gr, sod1 and il1β in triploid gills was also elevated in response to H2O2 exposure. This study represents the first experimental evidence of the effects of H2O2 exposure on triploid Atlantic salmon and continues to support their application into commercial production