Indicadores econômicos da produção orgânica de minitomate em casas de vegetação

Financial profitability is a factor as important as quantifying production using new technologies. This study was installed to evaluate short and long term financial viability of organic production of cherry tomatoes. Plants were grown in a greenhouse under diverse technological degrees for partial control of micrometeorological elements. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field FEAGRI/UNICAMP in three greenhouses with automated mechanical ventilation systems, evaporative cooling and thermo reflective screen. We cultivated Carolina cultivar in a spacing of 0.5x0.9 m, each plant conducted with two stems, under organic production and fertilization management. The average of production data of treatments {three greenhouses (A= climate-controlled, B= mobile screen and C= fixed screen), two cultivation systems (pots and soil beds) and five biofertilizer doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200%)} were evaluated using joint analysis. Thus, the economic indicators {cost benefit ratio (B/C), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and Payback (PV)} were evaluated through revenues and production costs. The best alternative to net monthly cycle profitability (500 m2) was approximately 1 and 1.5 minimum wage with and without particular labor, respectively, associated with the greenhouse of medium technological level, using soil bed cultivation system. The economic viability of the project in long-term interest rates above 3% (a.a) was consistent, but the payback period even with a rate of 1% a.a was high (6.54 years) in financing conditions.362246252A rentabilidade financeira é um fator tão importante quanto quantificar a produção utilizando novas tecnologias. Assim, objetivou-se analisar em curto e longo prazo a rentabilidade financeira da produção orgânica de minitomates em casas de vegetação com diferentes graus tecnológicos de controle parcial dos elementos micrometeorológicos. O experimento foi desenvolvido no campo experimental da FEAGRI/UNICAMP (SP) em três casas de vegetação com sistemas automatizados de ventilação mecânica, resfriamento evaporativo e tela termorrefletora, sendo estas cultivadas com a cultivar Carolina em espaçamento 0,5x0,9 m em duas hastes, e manejo da produção e adubação orgânica. As médias dos dados de produção dos tratamentos {três casas de vegetação (A= climatizada, B= tela móvel e C= tela fixa), duas formas de cultivo (vasos e canteiros) e cinco doses de biofertilizante (0, 50, 100, 150, e 200%)} foram avaliadas em análise conjunta. Assim, avaliou-se através das receitas e custos de produção os indicadores econômicos {relação benefício custo (B/C), valor presente líquido (VPL), Taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e Payback (PV)}. De acordo com os resultados, a melhor alternativa de rentabilidade líquida mensal ciclo (500 m2) foi de aproximadamente 1 e 1,5 salários mínimo para a condição com e sem mão de obra particular, respectivamente, associado à casa de vegetação de médio grau tecnológico, utilizando a forma de cultivo em canteiros. A viabilidade econômica do projeto em longo prazo a taxas de juros acima de 3% (a.a) mostrou-se consistente, porém o período de payback mesmo à taxa de juros 1% a.a foi elevada (6,54 anos) em condições de financiamento

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Nanoparticle-induced neuronal toxicity across placental barriers is mediated by autophagy and dependent on astrocytes

The potential for maternal nanoparticle (NP) exposures to cause developmental toxicity in the fetus without the direct passage of NPs has previously been shown, but the mechanism remained elusive. We now demonstrate that exposure of cobalt and chromium NPs to BeWo cell barriers, an in vitro model of the human placenta, triggers impairment of the autophagic flux and release of interleukin-6. This contributes to the altered differentiation of human neural progenitor cells and DNA damage in the derived neurons and astrocytes. Crucially, neuronal DNA damage is mediated by astrocytes. Inhibiting the autophagic degradation in the BeWo barrier by overexpression of the dominant-negative human ATG4BC74A significantly reduces the levels of DNA damage in astrocytes. In vivo, indirect NP toxicity in mice results in neurodevelopmental abnormalities with reactive astrogliosis and increased DNA damage in the fetal hippocampus. Our results demonstrate the potential importance of autophagy to elicit NP toxicity and the risk of indirect developmental neurotoxicity after maternal NP exposure

Réalisation d’un kart électrique performant : gestion de l’énergie embarquée et choix technologiques

Le véhicule électrique est un très bon système pédagogique car il peut être utilisé par tous les étudiants avec des couts moindres par rapport à la construction d’une voiture classique. Le challenge pédagogique de karting permet de motiver les étudiants et de mettre en oeuvre différents choix technologiques. Ces choix sont souvent difficiles car il faut gérer correctement l’énergie embarquée, en accord avec les nouvelles technologies. En effet, ces véhicules du futur ont un compromis difficile entre le poids, la puissance, l’autonomie, et le prix. L’évolution des karts électriques a été rendue possible grâce aux moteurs qui fonctionnent sous faible tension et aux nouvelles batteries lithium. Cet article exposera la puissance résistante en fonction de la vitesse du véhicule, le couple accélérateur, les types de moteurs et variateurs utilisés, les types de sources d’énergies utilisés et les chargeurs. Enfin, l’exploitation pédagogique sera présenté car ce type de véhicule utilise de nombreux modules du génie électrique : convertisseur d’énergie, batterie, moteur, variateur, régulation, électronique, signalisation, instrumentation, capteur, mathématiques, mécanique

Pédagogie communautaire discursive, application éclairage LED vélo

L’article présente les résultats d’une pédagogie collaborative sur 2 forums ainsi que les différents outils utiles pour partager des résultats techniques et scientifiques. Depuis 5 ans, ce type de pédagogie est utilisé au département GEII en IUT sur différents projets techniques. L’article dévoile comment faire un choix de forums pour atteindre un auditoire suffisamment intéressé sur le sujet pour le faire avancer. Les avantages et les inconvénients pédagogiques de l’écriture collaborative sont exposés ainsi que la différence induite par une rédaction en langue française ou en langue anglaise. En fin de module, un questionnaire aux étudiants a été effectué pour permettre de faire un bilan de ce qu’ils pensent du partage collaboratif ainsi que leur bilan personnel. Les résultats du questionnaire est unanimement positif. Des statistiques données par les forums sur les « vues » permettent de savoir si le partage du travail est dynamique. Cependant, l’article montre aussi que les statistiques données par les forums sont parfois peu pertinentes. Enfin, la question du mode de partage sera repondu Est qu’il vaut mieux partager dans un forum ou dans un wiki

Innovative sustainable development teaching at university: Study of lighting systems for safety bicycle rides

International audienceNumerous countries are nowadays trying to reduce pollution in the cities, in particular noise and CO 2 emission. New alternating means of transportation (other than cars) are now encouraged. Bicycle is one of those. However, one of the key points for promoting bicycles downtown is safety rides whatever the traffic and weather conditions. In that way, lighting systems are mandatory to been seen and to see correctly. Unfortunately , reliable technical data is missing. Only a very few commercial data is available on retailer's web site or in specialized shops. So, in this paper, we propose firstly a didactical scientific "cooking guide" for students, teachers and bicycle users, who want to choose and design their own lighting based on LEDs (light-emitting diode). Optical, thermal, electronic and power management aspects are discussed. And a set of basic answers to the following questions is provided: What is a simple way of measuring brightness? How does one choose an LED and its optics according to the desired lighting? How is the performance of an LED checked? How does one choose a heatsink? How is the regulation of one or more LEDs managed? Secondly, our didactical experience and feedback of student's groups in our electrical department is reported and discussed

Batteries de Smartphone (Application, diagnostic)

International audiencePour faire comprendre aux étudiants le fonctionnement, le vocabulaire et la problématique des batteries et des chargeurs, leur smartphone constitue un excellent support pédagogique. Mais quels sont les outils qui peuvent être utilisés pour faire l’étude et le diagnostic de la batterie ? Comment la capacité énergétique est-elle mesurée en pourcentage ? Comment peut être estimée l’autonomie ? Quelles sont les applications les plus énergivores ? Combien de temps faut-il pour recharger le smartphone ? À partir d’un port USB ou à partir de son chargeur sur la tension secteur ? Est-ce que tous les chargeurs se valent ? Peut-on maximiser la durée de vie de la batterie ? Peut-on connaître le travail effectué par la batterie depuis le début de son utilisation ? Est-ce que les caractéristiques des batteries extérieures sont correctes ? Cet article va répondre à toutes ces questions en présentant les méthodes utilisées. Car tant que l’autonomie est correcte l’utilisateur se soucie peu de la batterie. Mais lorsque l’autonomie chute alors l’utilisateur manque souvent de connaissances pour comprendre d’où vient le problème

A Web-Based Remote Laboratory for Monitoring and Diagnosis of AC Electrical Machines

This paper deals with the development of a virtual platform for a Web-based remote application dedicated to condition monitoring and fault detection for ac electrical machines. The platform is based on several tools developed by using the LabVIEW software. Various techniques of condition monitoring and diagnosis of electrical and mechanical faults in ac electrical machines have been integrated such as the broken rotor bar, winding short circuit, bearing damage, or static/dynamic eccentricities. The main features are related to a user-friendly interface, a low-maintenance source code, and a standardized database for ac electrical machine diagnosis. The platform architecture, as well as three different test-rig configurations, has been described. The complete system can be controlled in both local and remote modes by using a simple Internet connection. Some remote experiences have been carried out between the University of Picardie \u201cJules Verne,\u201d Amiens, France, and the University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. The direct applications of this original package are based on diagnosis techniques applied to ac electrical machine faults. Some examples of rotor broken bar detection using classical techniques have been presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed platform. Further information will soon be available on the Open European Laboratory on Electrical Machines Web site: www.oelem.org