Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, NAIP, cIAP1 and cIAP2 expression during macrophage differentiation and M1/M2 polarization

Monocytes and macrophages constitute the first line of defense of the immune system against external pathogens. Macrophages have a highly plastic phenotype depending on environmental conditions; the extremes of this phenotypic spectrum are a pro-inflammatory defensive role (M1 phenotype) and an anti-inflammatory tissue-repair one (M2 phenotype). The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins have important roles in the regulation of several cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immunity. In this study we have analyzed the differential expression of the IAPs, NAIP, cIAP1 and cIAP2, during macrophage differentiation and polarization into M1 or M2. In polarized THP-1 cells and primary human macrophages, NAIP is abundantly expressed in M2 macrophages, while cIAP1 and cIAP2 show an inverse pattern of expression in polarized macrophages, with elevated expression levels of cIAP1 in M2 and cIAP2 preferentially expressed in M1. Interestingly, treatment with the IAP antagonist SMC-LCL161, induced the upregulation of NAIP in M2, the downregulation of cIAP1 in M1 and M2 and an induction of cIAP2 in M1 macrophages.This work was supported by Universidad de Granada, Plan Propio 2015;#P3B: FAM, VMC (http://investigacion.ugr.es/pages/planpropio/2015/ resoluciones/p3b_def_28072015); Universidad de Granada CEI BioTic;#CAEP2-84: VMC (http:// biotic.ugr.es/pages/resolucionprovisional enseaanzapractica22demayo/!); and Canadian nstitutes of Health Research;#231421, #318176, #361847: STB, ECL, RK (http://www.cihr-irsc.gc. ca/e/193.html). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Cytoarchitecture of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the rabbit

The cytoarchitecture and morphometry of the neurons in the a, sector of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rabbit have been studied. The preparation techniques used were those of Golgi-Adams and Klüver-Barrera. Our method was to subdivide the a, sector into three zones (superior, media1 and inferior) and then to cut each zone along the horizontal, transverse and saggital planes in order to obtain precise measurements and descriptions of the neurons whatever their orientation. Differences exist in both the size and distribution of neurons in the inferior zone of the a, sector compared to the other two

Morphological changes induced by colchicine in the chick optic cup in early stages of development. A stereological study

In this study chick embryo optic cups at HH stage 13 of development were analyzed under normal conditions and after inoculation with colchicine for 1, 2, 4, and 8 h. Several changes were seen after these periods of treatment: 1) modifications of the structure, with thicker regions in the cup and a general decrease in the total volume according to the duration of exposure to the drug (about 4 times less than normal, 5,035 x lo3 ym3 vs 1,334 x lo3 ym3 after 8 h of treatrnent); 2) enlargement of the ventricular cavity and its closure, due to failure of approximation of retina1 and pigmentary layers; 3) failure of lens development, with delay and impairment of pit formation and deformation of al1 structures; lens volume was less than normal (about 4 times less, 2,148 x 103 pm3 vs 658 x lo3 pm3. after 8 h of treatment); 4) a general segregation of the cells making up the structure, principally in the more active proliferating zones. The local alterations found are describe

Localization of nitric oxide synthase in the adult rat brain

Peer Reviewe

Digitization, reconstruction and spatial analysis of the archaeological record of the Middle Paleolithic site of Jarama VI (Valdesotos, Guadalajara, Spain)

Union International des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques. Congrès Mondial (18º. 2018. París)Jarama VI is located on the NW edge of the Guadalajara province (Castilla–La Mancha, Spain). It is a rock shelter partially filled up by sediments which were excavated between 1989 and 1994. The archaeological excavation shows a lithostratigraphic sequence formed by three Pleistocene sedimentary units (Jordá 2007) with thousands of archaeological remains of the Middle Palaeolithic (Navazo et al. 2017) with an age older than 50 ka BP (Wood et al. 2012; Kehl et al. 2013; Higham et al. 2014) and even a bone remain of Homo neanderthalensis (Lorenzo et al. 2012). These human occupations correspond to later Neanderthal populations who lived in central Iberia many years before the arrival of the first modern humans to this area (Cacho et al. 2012). During this last year we have reviewed the traditional archaeological record of the excavation (excavation diaries, inventories of materials, drawings of stratigraphic sections, planes of distribution, photographs, publications, etc.) in order to digitize it and perform a spatial and statistical analysis. To do this, we have created a database where we have included all the excavation data collected in paper until now. In addition, we have made the digital topography of the site and the territory in which it is located as well as the digital model of the terrain in 3D. All the data obtained has been integrated into a Spatial Data Infrastructure. All this has allowed us to make a digital reconstruction of the archaeological record of the site. We present here the preliminary results of these works that we have made with the authorization and the financial support of the autonomous government of the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla – La Mancha.Laboratorio de Estudios Paleolíticos, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, EspañaDepartment of Geodesy and Geoinformatic, University Hamburg, AlemaniaEscuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, EspañaInstituto Geológico y Minero de España, EspañaDepartamento de Ingeniería Topográfica y Cartografía, Escuela Técnica Superior en Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, EspañaDepartamento de Estadística, Investigación Operativa y Cálculo Numérico, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, EspañaProyecto Reconstrucción digital, análisis espacial y difusión del registro arqueológico del yacimiento del Paleolítico medio de Jarama VI (Valdesotos, Guadalajara) mediante las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, EspañaÁrea de Prehistoria, Departamento de Ciencias Históricas y Geografía, Universidad de Burgos, Españ