Tau, XMAP215/Msps and Eb1 co-operate interdependently to regulate microtubule polymerisation and bundle formation in axons

The formation and maintenance of microtubules requires their polymerisation, but little is known about how this polymerisation is regulated in cells. Focussing on the essential microtubule bundles in axons of Drosophila and Xenopus neurons, we show that the plus-end scaffold Eb1, the polymerase XMAP215/Msps and the lattice-binder Tau co-operate interdependently to promote microtubule polymerisation and bundle organisation during axon development and maintenance. Eb1 and XMAP215/Msps promote each other's localisation at polymerising microtubule plus-ends. Tau outcompetes Eb1-binding along microtubule lattices, thus preventing depletion of Eb1 tip pools. The three factors genetically interact and show shared mutant phenotypes: reductions in axon growth, comet sizes, comet numbers and comet velocities, as well as prominent deterioration of parallel microtubule bundles into disorganised curled conformations. This microtubule curling is caused by Eb1 plus-end depletion which impairs spectraplakin-mediated guidance of extending microtubules into parallel bundles. Our demonstration that Eb1, XMAP215/Msps and Tau co-operate during the regulation of microtubule polymerisation and bundle organisation, offers new conceptual explanations for developmental and degenerative axon pathologies

Tau, XMAP215/Msps and Eb1 co-operate interdependently to regulate microtubule polymerisation and bundle formation in axons

The formation and maintenance of microtubules requires their polymerisation, but little is known about how this polymerisation is regulated in cells. Focussing on the essential microtubule bundles in axons of Drosophila and Xenopus neurons, we show that the plus-end scaffold Eb1, the polymerase XMAP215/Msps and the lattice-binder Tau co-operate interdependently to promote microtubule polymerisation and bundle organisation during axon development and maintenance. Eb1 and XMAP215/Msps promote each other’s localisation at polymerising microtubule plus-ends. Tau outcompetes Eb1-binding along microtubule lattices, thus preventing depletion of Eb1 tip pools. The three factors genetically interact and show shared mutant phenotypes: reductions in axon growth, comet sizes, comet numbers and comet velocities, as well as prominent deterioration of parallel microtubule bundles into disorganised curled conformations. This microtubule curling is caused by Eb1 plus-end depletion which impairs spectraplakin-mediated guidance of extending microtubules into parallel bundles. Our demonstration that Eb1, XMAP215/Msps and Tau co-operate during the regulation of microtubule polymerisation and bundle organisation, offers new conceptual explanations for developmental and degenerative axon pathologies

Tau, XMAP215/Msps and Eb1 co-operate interdependently to regulate microtubule polymerisation and bundle formation in axons

From PLOS via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2021-04-23, accepted 2021-06-07, collection 2021-07, epub 2021-07-06Publication status: PublishedFunder: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000268; Grant(s): BB/I002448/1Funder: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000268; Grant(s): BB/P020151/1Funder: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000268; Grant(s): BB/L000717/1Funder: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000268; Grant(s): BB/M007553/1Funder: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000268; Grant(s): BB/M007456/1Funder: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000268; Grant(s): BB/R018960/1Funder: Leverhulme Trust; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275; Grant(s): ECF-2017-247Funder: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659; Grant(s): VO 2071/1-1Funder: National Institutes of Health; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002; Grant(s): R01 MH109651Funder: Consejo Nacional de Innovación, Ciencia y Tecnología; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009068Funder: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000268Funder: Wellcome Trust; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010269Funder: University of Manchester Strategic FundFunder: Wellcome Trust; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004440; Grant(s): 087742/Z/08/ZFunder: National Institutes of Health; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002; Grant(s): P40OD018537The formation and maintenance of microtubules requires their polymerisation, but little is known about how this polymerisation is regulated in cells. Focussing on the essential microtubule bundles in axons of Drosophila and Xenopus neurons, we show that the plus-end scaffold Eb1, the polymerase XMAP215/Msps and the lattice-binder Tau co-operate interdependently to promote microtubule polymerisation and bundle organisation during axon development and maintenance. Eb1 and XMAP215/Msps promote each other’s localisation at polymerising microtubule plus-ends. Tau outcompetes Eb1-binding along microtubule lattices, thus preventing depletion of Eb1 tip pools. The three factors genetically interact and show shared mutant phenotypes: reductions in axon growth, comet sizes, comet numbers and comet velocities, as well as prominent deterioration of parallel microtubule bundles into disorganised curled conformations. This microtubule curling is caused by Eb1 plus-end depletion which impairs spectraplakin-mediated guidance of extending microtubules into parallel bundles. Our demonstration that Eb1, XMAP215/Msps and Tau co-operate during the regulation of microtubule polymerisation and bundle organisation, offers new conceptual explanations for developmental and degenerative axon pathologies

Proximity mapping of desmosomes reveals a striking shift in their molecular neighbourhood associated with maturation

Desmosomes are multiprotein adhesion complexes that link intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane, ensuring the mechanical integrity of cells across tissues, but how they participate in the wider signalling network to exert their full function is unclear. To investigate this we carried out protein proximity mapping using biotinylation (BioID). The combined interactomes of the essential desmosomal proteins desmocollin 2a, plakoglobin and plakophilin 2a (Pkp2a) in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells were mapped and their differences and commonalities characterised as desmosome matured from Ca2+-dependence to the mature, Ca2+-independent, hyper-adhesive state, which predominates in tissues. Results suggest that individual desmosomal proteins have distinct roles in connecting to cellular signalling pathways and that these roles alter substantially when cells change their adhesion state. The data provide further support for a dualistic concept of desmosomes in which the properties of Pkp2a differ from those of the other, more stable proteins. This body of data provides an invaluable resource for the analysis of desmosome function