21 research outputs found
Pediatric Patients With Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome Have Higher Expression of T Regulatory Lymphocytes in Comparison to Steroid-Resistant Disease
Background and Aim: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is classified according to the response to drug therapy in steroid-sensitive (SS), steroid-dependent (SD), and steroid-resistant (SR) categories. Previous studies showed changes in inflammatory activity of subpopulations of lymphocytes in INS. This study aimed to compare SS and SR patients in regard to subpopulations of leukocytes, profile of regulatory lymphocytes, and migratory activity of lymphocyte subpopulations. Results obtained in INS patients were also compared to age and sex-matched healthy controls.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study including SS patients (n = 30), SR patients (n = 14), and controls (n = 10). Peripheral blood samples were withdrawn for ex-vivo leukocyte flow cytometry analysis.Results: Percentage of B-lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells were significantly reduced in SR patients when compared to controls, while the percentage of NKT cells were decreased in SS patients in comparison to controls. Percentages of CD4+ expressing FoxP3 and CTLA4 were significantly higher in SS patients in comparison to SR patients and controls. The expression of integrin CD18 on the surface of T lymphocytes (CD3+) was reduced in SS patients if compared to controls.Conclusion: This study found that SS INS patients have higher levels of regulatory T-lymphocytes and lower expression of adhesion molecules than SR patients
Understanding the relation between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and adverse fetal, infant and child outcomes: a protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of pregnant women and their infants and children
IntroductionZika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is a known cause of microcephaly and other congenital and developmental anomalies. In the absence of a ZIKV vaccine or prophylactics, principal investigators (PIs) and international leaders in ZIKV research have formed the ZIKV Individual Participant Data (IPD) Consortium to identify, collect and synthesise IPD from longitudinal studies of pregnant women that measure ZIKV infection during pregnancy and fetal, infant or child outcomes.Methods and analysisWe will identify eligible studies through the ZIKV IPD Consortium membership and a systematic review and invite study PIs to participate in the IPD meta-analysis (IPD-MA). We will use the combined dataset to estimate the relative and absolute risk of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), including microcephaly and late symptomatic congenital infections; identify and explore sources of heterogeneity in those estimates and develop and validate a risk prediction model to identify the pregnancies at the highest risk of CZS or adverse developmental outcomes. The variable accuracy of diagnostic assays and differences in exposure and outcome definitions means that included studies will have a higher level of systematic variability, a component of measurement error, than an IPD-MA of studies of an established pathogen. We will use expert testimony, existing internal and external diagnostic accuracy validation studies and laboratory external quality assessments to inform the distribution of measurement error in our models. We will apply both Bayesian and frequentist methods to directly account for these and other sources of uncertainty.Ethics and disseminationThe IPD-MA was deemed exempt from ethical review. We will convene a group of patient advocates to evaluate the ethical implications and utility of the risk stratification tool. Findings from these analyses will be shared via national and international conferences and through publication in open access, peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberPROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42017068915).</jats:sec
Association of hypertension and insulin resistance in individuals free of diabetes in the ELSA-Brasil cohort
Abstract Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as the subnormal response to insulin action on its target tissues. Studies suggest that IR may increase the risk of hypertension, but the results are inconsistent and it is not known whether such an effect is independent of overweight/obesity. We aimed to evaluate the association between IR and the incidence of prehypertension and hypertension in the Brazilian population and whether this association is independent of overweight/obesity. In 4717 participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adultâs Health (ELSA-Brasil), free of diabetes and cardiovascular disease at baseline (2008â2010), we investigated the incidence of prehypertension and hypertension after a mean follow-up of 3.8â±â0.5 years. Insulin resistance at baseline was assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index, defined if above the 75th percentile. The risk of IR-associated prehypertension/hypertension was estimated by multinomial logistic regression after adjustment for confounding factors. Secondary analysis were stratified by body mass index. The mean (SD) age of participants was 48 (8) years, 67% were women. The 75th percentile of HOMA-IR at baseline was 2.85. The presence of IR increased the chance of developing prehypertension by 51% (95% CI 1.28â1.79) and hypertension by 150% (95% CI 1.48â4.23). In individuals with BMIâ<â25 kg/m2, the presence of IR remained associated with the incidence of prehypertension (OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.01â1.98) and hypertension (OR 3.15; 95% CI 1.27â7.81). In conclusion, our results suggest that IR is a risk factor for hypertension, regardless of the presence of overweight or obesity
Tâlymphocyteâexpressing inflammatory cytokines underlie persistence of proteinuria in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
Objective: There is evidence of an important role of immune system changes in the triggering and maintenance of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cytokines in lymphocyte populations of patients with INS in comparison to healthy individuals, according to proteinuria. Methods: This crossâsectional study included 44 patients with INS and eight healthy children, matched for age and sex (controls). Patients were subdivided according to proteinuria: persistent proteinuria or partial remission (PP â„ 300 mg/24 h, n = 17) and low proteinuria or complete remission (LP < 300 mg/24 h, n = 27). Ex vivo analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes by flow cytometry was performed using surface markers for Tâlymphocytes, TCD4, TCD8, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT, and Bâlymphocytes. Frequencies of intracellular cytokines were analyzed in these cells. Results: The frequencies of Bâlymphocytes, NK cells, and NKT cells were lower in INS than in controls, whereas INS patients had a higher frequency of CD4+tumor necrosis factor (TNF)âα+ cells than controls. CytotoxicâTâlymphocytes expressing IFNâÎł were lower in INS than in controls. Patients with PP showed higher frequencies of CD4âTâlymphocytes expressing IFNâÎł and TNFâα than controls. CD8âlymphocytes expressing TNFâα were increased in PP group when compared with LP and controls, while CD8+interferon (IFN)âÎł+ cells were lower than in LP and in controls. Conclusion: Regardless the level of proteinuria, INS patients had increased expression of TNFâα in CD4âlymphocytes and reduced expression of IFNâÎł in CD8âlymphocytes. Persistence of proteinuria was associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers. Resumo: Objetivo: HĂĄ comprovação do importante papel das alteraçÔes no sistema imunolĂłgico no desencadeamento e na manutenção da sĂndrome nefrĂłtica idiopĂĄtica (SNI). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a expressĂŁo das citocinas em populaçÔes de linfĂłcitos de pacientes com SNI em comparação a indivĂduos saudĂĄveis e de acordo com a proteinĂșria. MĂ©todos: Este estudo transversal incluiu 44 pacientes com SNI e oito crianças saudĂĄveis, pareados por idade e sexo (controles). Os pacientes foram subdivididos de acordo com a proteinĂșria: proteinĂșria persistente ou remissĂŁo parcial (PP â„ 300 mg/24 h, n = 17) e proteinĂșria baixa ou remissĂŁo completa (PB < 300 mg/24 h, n = 27). A anĂĄlise ex vivo de leucĂłcitos no sangue perifĂ©rico por citometria de fluxo foi feita utilizando marcadores de superfĂcie para linfĂłcitos T, TCD4, TCD8, cĂ©lulas natural killer (NK), linfĂłcitos NKT e B. As frequĂȘncias das citocinas intracelulares foram analisadas nessas cĂ©lulas. Resultados: A frequĂȘncia dos linfĂłcitos B, cĂ©lulas NK e cĂ©lulas NKT foi menor em pacientes com SNI do que nos controles, ao passo que os pacientes com SNI apresentaram maior frequĂȘncia de cĂ©lulas CD4+fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)âα+ do que nos controles. Os linfĂłcitos T citotĂłxicos que expressam interferon (IFN)âÎł foram menores nos pacientes com SNI do que nos controles. Os pacientes com PP mostraram maiores frequĂȘncias de linfĂłcitos T CD4 que expressam IFNâÎł e TNFâα que os controles. Os linfĂłcitos CD8 que expressam TNFâα apresentaram aumento no grupo com PP, em comparação aos com PB e os controles, apesar de as cĂ©lulas CD8+IFNâÎł+ serem mais baixas nos pacientes com PB e nos controles. ConclusĂŁo: Com relação ao nĂvel de proteinĂșria, os pacientes com SNI apresentaram aumento na expressĂŁo de TNFâα nos linfĂłcitos CD4 e expressĂŁo reduzida de IFNâÎł nos linfĂłcitos CD8. A persistĂȘncia da proteinĂșria foi associada a maiores nĂveis de marcadores inflamatĂłrios. Keywords: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, Cytokines, Inflammation, Proteinuria, Immune response, Palavrasâchave: SĂndrome nefrĂłtica idiopĂĄtica, Citocinas, Inflamação, ProteinĂșria, Resposta imun
T-lymphocyte-expressing inflammatory cytokines underlie persistence of proteinuria in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
Objective: There is evidence of an important role of immune system changes in the triggering and maintenance of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cytokines in lymphocyte populations of patients with INS in comparison to healthy individuals, according to proteinuria. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 44 patients with INS and eight healthy children, matched for age and sex (controls). Patients were subdivided according to proteinuria: persistent proteinuria or partial remission (PP â„ 300 mg/24 h, n = 17) and low proteinuria or complete remission (LP < 300 mg/24 h, n = 27). Ex vivo analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes by flow cytometry was performed using surface markers for T-lymphocytes, TCD4, TCD8, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT, and B-lymphocytes. Frequencies of intracellular cytokines were analyzed in these cells. Results: The frequencies of B-lymphocytes, NK cells, and NKT cells were lower in INS than in controls, whereas INS patients had a higher frequency of CD4+tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α+ cells than controls. Cytotoxic-T-lymphocytes expressing IFN-Îł were lower in INS than in controls. Patients with PP showed higher frequencies of CD4-T-lymphocytes expressing IFN-Îł and TNF-α than controls. CD8-lymphocytes expressing TNF-α were increased in PP group when compared with LP and controls, while CD8+interferon (IFN)-Îł+ cells were lower than in LP and in controls. Conclusion: Regardless the level of proteinuria, INS patients had increased expression of TNF-α in CD4-lymphocytes and reduced expression of IFN-Îł in CD8-lymphocytes. Persistence of proteinuria was associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers. Resumo: Objetivo: HĂĄ comprovação do importante papel das alteraçÔes no sistema imunolĂłgico no desencadeamento e manutenção da sĂndrome nefrĂłtica idiopĂĄtica (SNI). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a expressĂŁo das citocinas em populaçÔes de linfĂłcitos de pacientes com SNI em comparação a indivĂduos saudĂĄveis e de acordo com a proteinĂșria. MĂ©todos: Este estudo transversal incluiu 44 pacientes com SNI e oito crianças saudĂĄveis, pareados por idade e sexo (controles). Os pacientes foram subdivididos de acordo com a proteinĂșria: proteinĂșria persistente ou remissĂŁo parcial (PP â„ 300 mg/24 h, n = 17) e proteinĂșria baixa ou remissĂŁo completa (PB < 300 mg/24 h, n = 27). A anĂĄlise ex vivo de leucĂłcitos no sangue perifĂ©rico por citometria de fluxo foi feita utilizando marcadores de superfĂcie para linfĂłcitos T, TCD4, TCD8, cĂ©lulas natural killer (NK), linfĂłcitos NKT e B. As frequĂȘncias das citocinas intracelulares foram analisadas nessas cĂ©lulas. Resultados: A frequĂȘncia dos linfĂłcitos B, cĂ©lulas NK e cĂ©lulas NKT foi menor em pacientes com SNI do que nos controles, ao passo que os pacientes com SNI apresentaram maior frequĂȘncia de cĂ©lulas CD4+fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)-α+ do que nos controles. Os linfĂłcitos T citotĂłxicos que expressam interferon (IFN)-Îł foram menores nos pacientes com SNI do que nos controles. Os pacientes com PP mostraram maiores frequĂȘncias de linfĂłcitos T CD4 que expressam IFN-Îł e TNF-α que os controles. Os linfĂłcitos CD8 que expressam TNF-α apresentaram aumento no grupo com PP, em comparação aos com PB e os controles, apesar de as cĂ©lulas CD8+IFN-Îł+ serem mais baixas nos pacientes com PB e nos controles. ConclusĂŁo: Com relação ao nĂvel de proteinĂșria, os pacientes com SNI apresentaram aumento na expressĂŁo de TNF-α nos linfĂłcitos CD4 e expressĂŁo reduzida de IFN-Îł nos linfĂłcitos CD8. A persistĂȘncia da proteinĂșria foi associada a maiores nĂveis de marcadores inflamatĂłrios. Keywords: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, Cytokines, Inflammation, Proteinuria, Immune response, Palavras-chave: SĂndrome nefrĂłtica idiopĂĄtica, Citocinas, Inflamação, ProteinĂșria, Resposta imun
MOESM6 of Effect of mushroom Agaricus blazei on immune response and development of experimental cerebral malaria
Additional file 6. Fraction C treated mice did not display clinical signs of CM and significant differences in haematrocrit during P. berghei infection. C57BL/6 mice were treated with fraction C of A. blazei or chloroquine three days before infection, then infected with 105 pRBCs, and treated until 7 dpi. (A) clinical signs of cerebral malaria assessed by the RMCBS score and (B) haematocrit assessed on 5th dpi, normalized relative to that of uninfected controls for each mouse group. RMCBS score and haematocrit values were expressed as mean ± SD of 5 mice per group. ***p < 0.001, ANOVA followed Bonferroniâs test
An evaluation of the international Baccalaureate Mathematical Studies course for non-mathematicians
Additional file 4. There were no differences in parasitaemia and mortality between those mice treated with fraction A and untreated mice during P. berghei ANKA infection. (A) Parasitaemia, (B) survival and (C) body weight loss of C57BL/6 mice that received 10 mg/kg of A. blazei fraction A or 30 mg/kg of chloroquine three days before infection, then infected with 105 pRBCs, and treated until 7 dpi. Parasitaemia and body weight values are expressed as mean ± SD of 5 mice per group. Log-rank test and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, ANOVA followed Bonferroniâs test
Consumption of ultra-processed foods and eight-year risk of death from all causes and noncommunicable diseases in the ELSA-Brasil cohort
Increased consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with higher incidences of many noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and death from all causes. However, the association between UPF and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality remains controversial. Our study investigated whether UPF consumption is associated with a higher risk of death from all causes, NCDs, and CVD. This study includes 14,747 participants from the ELSA-Brasil cohort followed up over an eight-year period. The NOVA classification was used to estimate the proportion of UPF (grams/day) in oneâs diet. Cox regression was also applied. After adjustment for sociodemographic, health, and behavioural factors, a 10% increase in UPF in participantsâ diets raised the risk of death from all causes and NCDs by 10% (95%CI: 1.01-1.19) and 11% (95%CI:1.02-1.21), respectively. However, UPF consumption was not associated with CVD mortality. The findings support public policies aimed at reducing UPF consumption in an attempt to reduce the NCD burden.</p