A New Assessment of Robust Capuchin Monkey (Sapajus) Evolutionary History Using Genome-Wide SNP Marker Data and a Bayesian Approach to Species Delimitation

Robust capuchin monkeys, Sapajus genus, are among the most phenotypically diverse and widespread groups of primates in South America, with one of the most confusing and often shifting taxonomies. We used a ddRADseq approach to generate genome-wide SNP markers for 171 individuals from all putative extant species of Sapajus to access their evolutionary history. Using maximum likelihood, multispecies coalescent phylogenetic inference, and a Bayes Factor method to test for alternative hypotheses of species delimitation, we inferred the phylogenetic history of the Sapajus radiation, evaluating the number of discrete species supported. Our results support the recognition of three species from the Atlantic Forest south of the São Francisco River, with these species being the first splits in the robust capuchin radiation. Our results were congruent in recovering the Pantanal and Amazonian Sapajus as structured into three monophyletic clades, though new morphological assessments are necessary, as the Amazonian clades do not agree with previous morphology-based taxonomic distributions. Phylogenetic reconstructions for Sapajus occurring in the Cerrado, Caatinga, and northeastern Atlantic Forest were less congruent with morphology-based phylogenetic reconstructions, as the bearded capuchin was recovered as a paraphyletic clade, with samples from the Caatinga biome being either a monophyletic clade or nested with the blond capuchin monkey

Terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus) : potential correlates, patterns, and differences between genera

For arboreal primates, ground use may increase dispersal opportunities, tolerance to habitat change, access to ground-based resources, and resilience to human disturbances, and so has conservation implications. We collated published and unpublished data from 86 studies across 65 localities to assess titi monkey (Callicebinae) terrestriality. We examined whether the frequency of terrestrial activity correlated with study duration (a proxy for sampling effort), rainfall level (a proxy for food availability seasonality), and forest height (a proxy for vertical niche dimension). Terrestrial activity was recorded frequently for Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but rarely for Cheracebus spp. Terrestrial resting, anti-predator behavior, geophagy, and playing frequencies in Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but feeding and moving differed. Callicebus spp. often ate or searched for new leaves terrestrially. Plecturocebus spp. descended primarily to ingest terrestrial invertebrates and soil. Study duration correlated positively and rainfall level negatively with terrestrial activity. Though differences in sampling effort and methods limited comparisons and interpretation, overall, titi monkeys commonly engaged in a variety of terrestrial activities. Terrestrial behavior in Callicebus and Plecturocebus capacities may bolster resistance to habitat fragmentation. However, it is uncertain if the low frequency of terrestriality recorded for Cheracebus spp. is a genus-specific trait associated with a more basal phylogenetic position, or because studies of this genus occurred in pristine habitats. Observations of terrestrial behavior increased with increasing sampling effort and decreasing food availability. Overall, we found a high frequency of terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys, unlike that observed in other pitheciids

Barred Forest Falcon (Micrastur ruficollis) predation on relatively large prey

We describe three successful predation events by the Barred Forest Falcon (Micrastur ruficollis) in the Atlantic Forest of coastal southeast Brazil. The prey items were a Plumbeous Pigeon (Patagioenas plumbea), a Brown Tinamou (Crypturellus obsoletus), and a large toad (Chaunus ictericus). This is the first report of successful attacks on prey heavier than the forest falcon, of which none was successfully carried away. These large prey items represent a trade-off between high nutrient value and safety of carrying prey to a secure perch

Diversity of primates and other mammals in the middle Purus basin in the Brazilian Amazon

Information on the wildlife of the middle and upper reaches of the Purus in Brazil is scarce, and this region is one of the major remaining gaps in our understanding of the distributions and population status of mammals in the Brazilian Amazon. In this paper, we present information on the diversity of mammals of the middle Purus, in the south of Amazonas State, Brazil. Based on rapid inventories in four protected areas, and line-Transect censuses in one of them, we provide locality records that indicate expansions of the known range of six primate species and a squirrel. Species more frequently seen during censuses were small and mid-sized primates and rodents, while records of larger mammals, which are more sensitive to subsistence hunting, were infrequent or lacking. Deforestation in the area is relatively low, but the area is close to the so-called "arc of deforestation" that is moving north and west from the north of the state of Mato Grosso into the states of Acre and Amazonas. The middle and upper Purus basin has been little explored, but is far from pristine, and populations of most of the species that are vulnerable to forest degradation and hunting are already reduced, especially close to the major rivers. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 2018

A new subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis (Primates, Callitrichidae)

Saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis, S. melanoleucus, and S. tripartitus) occur in the upper Amazon, west of the rios Madeira and Mamoré-Guaporé to the Andes. They currently comprise 13 species and subspecies in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Here we report on a previously undescribed subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis from the interfluvium of the lower rios Madeira and Purus in the central Amazon of Brazil. It is a distinct form with a very pronounced mottling on the back giving the appearance of a saddle, a characteristic shared by the 3 species, and the reason for their collective common name. The lack of a white superciliary chevron and its highly mottled ochraceous-dark brown to black saddle that extends from the scapular region to the base of the tail distinguish the new taxon from Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli. The latter characteristic also distinguishes it from another saddleback tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis ssp.) that has been reported immediately to the south of its range in the same interfluvium. We compare pelage coloration, external characters and craniometric measurements with its geographically closest relatives, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli and S. f. avilapiresi, and indicate its probable geographic distribution in a small area between the rios Madeira and Purus, just south of the Rio Amazonas. © Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009

Primatas do Parque Nacional do Viruá, Roraima, Brasil / Primates of Virua National Park, Roraima, Brazil

Este trabalho apresenta o inventário consolidado de primatas do Parque Nacional do Viruá, Roraima, feito a partir da revisão da literatura e consulta ao material tombado nas coleções do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia e do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, da realização de expedições à unidade e de entrevistas no entorno. Amostras biológicas também foram coletadas e tombadas no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros (CPB). Ao longo de seis dias efetivos em campo, foram obtidas 53 observações diretas das seguintes espécies: Saguinus midas, Saimiri sciureus, Sapajus apella, Aotus trivirgatus, Chiropotes sagulatus e Alouatta macconnelli. Além dessas espécies, as entrevistas apontaram ainda a presença de Cheracebus lugens e Ateles paniscus. Apenas Pithecia chrysocephala não foi observada nem citada nas entrevistas, provavelmente por ser uma espécie críptica e bastante silenciosa. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que S. apella e S. sciureus são as espécies mais abundantes. É possível que o fato de a amostragem ter se concentrado nas margens do Rio Branco tenha favorecido esse resultado. Além disso, foram coletadas amostras biológicas de animais encontrados em residências, das espécies S. apella, Cebus olivaceus, S. sciureus e C. sagulatus. Tendo em vista que o plano de manejo da unidade aponta a observação de fauna como um dos pilares do Programa de Uso Público, o presente estudo subsidiará as atividades relacionadas à observação de primatas. ABSTRACT This study presents a consolidated inventory of the primates in the Viruá National Park, Roraima. The inventory was based on a literature review, consultation of the collections of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia and the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, expeditions in the Park, and interviews with the communities surrounding the Park. Biological samples were collected and deposited at the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros. Over six days in the field, 53 records of the following species were obtained: Saguinus midas, Saimiri sciureus, Sapajus apella, Aotus trivirgatus, Chiropotes sagulatus and Alouatta macconnelli. Besides these species, the interviews also pointed to the presence of Cheracebus lugens and Ateles paniscus. Pithecia chrysocephala was not observed nor mentioned in the interviews, probably because of its species cryptic and quiet behavior. The results indicate that S. apella and S. sciureus are the most abundant species. However, this might be biased by the fact that sampling was concentrated on banks of the Rio Branco. In addition, biological samples of S. apella, Cebus olivaceus, S. sciureus, and C. sagulatus were collected from animals found in residences around the Park. The Management Plan of the Viruá National Park points to wildlife tourism in the Program of Public Use. RESUMEN Primates del Parque Nacional del Viruá, Roraima, Brasil. Este trabajo presenta el inventario consolidado de primates del Parque Nacional del Viruá, Estado de Roraima, Brasil, realizado a partir de revisión de la literatura, consulta a las colecciones científicas del Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia y del Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, expediciones al Parque y entrevistas en su entorno. También se colectaron muestras biológicas, las cuales fueron depositadas en el Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros (ICMBio/CPB). Durante seis días en el Parque, se obtuvieron 53 registros directos de las siguientes especies: Saguinus midas, Saimiri sciureus, Sapajus apella, Aotus trivirgatus, Chiropotes sagulatus y Alouatta macconnelli. Además de estas especies, en las entrevistas también fue indicada la presencia de Cheracebus lugens y Ateles paniscus. De las especies esperadas para el área, apenas Pithecia chrysocephala no fue observada ni mencionada en las entrevistas, probablemente debido a que es una especie críptica y bastante discreta. Los resultados de este estudio indican que S. apella y S. sciureus son las especies más abundantes. La concentración del muestreo en las orillas del Río Branco puede haber favorecido este resultado. Además, se recogieron muestras biológicas de S. apella, Cebus olivaceus, S. sciureus y C. sagulatus de animales encontrados en casas de residentes locales. Dado que el Plan de Gestión del Parque considera la observación de vida silvestre como uno de los pilares del programa de uso público, este estudio ofrece informaciones para apoyar las actividades relacionadas con la observación de primates de esta área protegida federal

New distribution limits of Bassaricyon alleni Thomas 1880 and insights on an overlooked species in the Western Brazilian Amazon

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Capuchin monkey biogeography: understanding Sapajus Pleistocene range expansion and the current sympatry between Cebus and Sapajus

Aim: Our aim was to examine gracile capuchin (Cebus) and robust capuchin monkey (Sapajus) diversification, with a focus on recent Sapajus expansion within Amazonia. We wanted to reconstruct the biogeographical history of the clade using statistical methods that model lineages’ occupation of different regions over time in order to evaluate recently proposed ‘Out of Amazonia’ and ‘Reinvasion of Amazonia’ hypotheses as alternative explanations for the extensive geographical overlap between reciprocally monophyletic gracile (Cebus) and robust (Sapajus) capuchin monkeys. Location: Central and South America. Methods: We reconstructed a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny for capuchins under Bayesian inference from three mitochondrial genes. We then categorized 12 capuchin clades across four Neotropical centres of endemism and reconstructed the biogeographical history of the capuchin radiation using six models implemented in ‘BioGeoBEARS’. We performed a phylogeographical analysis for a robust capuchin clade that spans the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Caatinga and Amazonia. Results: We find support for a late Miocene vicariant Cebus-Sapajus divergence and a Pleistocene Sapajus invasion of Amazonia from the Atlantic Forest. Our new analyses confirm Sapajus diversified first in the Atlantic Forest, with subsequent range expansion into widespread sympatry with Cebus in Amazonia, as well as multiple expansions into drier savanna-like habitats. We do not find mitochondrial molecular congruence with morphological species distinctions for Sapajus flavius, S. cay, S. macrocephalus, S. libidinosus and S. apella; instead, these five morphological types together form a single widespread clade (Bayesian posterior probability = 1) with geographical substructure and shared ancestry during the Pleistocene. Main conclusions: Our results support vicariance dividing ancestral capuchin populations in Amazonia versus the Atlantic Forest, and a Pleistocene ‘Amazonian invasion’ by Sapajus to explain the present-day sympatry of Cebus and Sapajus. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Lt

Terrestrial Behavior in Titi Monkeys (Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus): Potential Correlates, Patterns, and Differences between Genera

For arboreal primates, ground use may increase dispersal opportunities, tolerance to habitat change, access to ground-based resources, and resilience to human disturbances, and so has conservation implications. We collated published and unpublished data from 86 studies across 65 localities to assess titi monkey (Callicebinae) terrestriality. We examined whether the frequency of terrestrial activity correlated with study duration (a proxy for sampling effort), rainfall level (a proxy for food availability seasonality), and forest height (a proxy for vertical niche dimension). Terrestrial activity was recorded frequently for Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but rarely for Cheracebus spp. Terrestrial resting, anti-predator behavior, geophagy, and playing frequencies in Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but feeding and moving differed. Callicebus spp. often ate or searched for new leaves terrestrially. Plecturocebus spp. descended primarily to ingest terrestrial invertebrates and soil. Study duration correlated positively and rainfall level negatively with terrestrial activity. Though differences in sampling effort and methods limited comparisons and interpretation, overall, titi monkeys commonly engaged in a variety of terrestrial activities. Terrestrial behavior in Callicebus and Plecturocebus capacities may bolster resistance to habitat fragmentation. However, it is uncertain if the low frequency of terrestriality recorded for Cheracebus spp. is a genus-specific trait associated with a more basal phylogenetic position, or because studies of this genus occurred in pristine habitats. Observations of terrestrial behavior increased with increasing sampling effort and decreasing food availability. Overall, we found a high frequency of terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys, unlike that observed in other pitheciids. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature