The Breakfast and Snacking Patterns of East Tennessee Adolescents

Breakfast and snacking patterns and the effects of selected factors on these eating occasions were examined for 225 east Tennessee adolescents. Factors selected for examination included gender, regions (metropolitan vs. rural), mothers\u27 employment, presence of a father in the household, number of children in the household, fathers\u27 education, mothers\u27 education, and who prepared breakfast. Twenty-four- hour food records and written questionnaires were collected from selected 15-18 year old adolescents attending four metropolitan and three rural high schools. Energy and nutrient intakes were evaluated for breakfast and snacks. As measures of overall quality, nutrient intakes per 1000 kilocalories and a dietary score based on the RDA per 1000 kilocalories were computed. Thirty-four percent of the adolescents skipped breakfast on the day of the survey. Of those who ate breakfast, 83% ate at home and 12% ate at school. Forty-eight percent of breakfasts were self-prepared, 33% were mother-prepared, and 10% were obtained· from a store or vending machine. Breakfasts included breads and· cereals (64%), milk products (36%), and a fruit or fruit beverage (27%). Adolescents\u27 breakfasts provided less than 25% of the RDA for energy, iron, and niacin. Protein, calcium, and vitamin A intakes of females also were below that standard. With the exception of fat and ascorbic acid, nutrient intakes of the females at breakfast were lower (p≤0.05) and breakfasts were of poorer·quality than were those of males. Breakfasts consumed by metropolitan adolescents, adolescents with siblings, and adolescents who ate mother-prepared breakfasts were higher (p≤0.05) in one or more nutrients than breakfasts consumed by rural adolescents, those without siblings, and those who ate self-prepared breakfasts. The overall quality of breakfasts was higher (p≤0.05) for adolescents who lived with fathers and those whose fathers had a high school diploma than for adolescents who did not live with a father and those whose fathers had less education. Mothers\u27 employment was not related to breakfast nutrient intakes or to the quality of breakfast. Eighty-nine percent of the adolescents snacked on the day of the survey. Most morning snacks were eaten at school (85%) and were obtained from vending machines (83%). They consisted mainly of candy, carbonated beverages, and/or salty snacks. Many afternoon and evening snacks were eaten at home, 59% and 73%, respectively. Many of these were self-prepared and included carbonated beverages and/or bread. The quality of snacks was low. Females consumed less than 50% of the RDA per 1000 kilocalories for calcium and iron. However, snacks made significant contributions to energy and nutrient intakes for the total day. Morning snacks were of poorer quality than were afternoon and evening snacks. With the exception of iron and thiamin, nutrient intakes of females from snacks were lower (p≤0.05) than those of males. Nutrient intakes of metropolitan and rural adolescents were similar and their snacks were of similar quality. Snacks of adolescents whose mothers were not employed were higher (p≤0.05) in nutrient density for iron and thiamin than were the snacks of those whose mothers were employed. The presence of a father in the household, the number of children in the household, and the parents\u27 levels of education were not related to nutrient intakes from snacks. Adolescents who did not eat evening snacks also tended to omit breakfast. Those who omitted breakfast consumed morning snacks of poorer quality than did those who ate breakfast

U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform

The U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform was created by Congress to assess U.S. immigration policy and make recommendations regarding its implementation and effects. Mandated in the Immigration Act of 1990 to submit an interim report in 1994 and a final report in 1997, the Commission has undertaken public hearings, fact-finding missions, and expert consultations to identify the major immigration-related issues facing the United States today.LBJ School of Public Affair

The learning climate for administration students

This paper was originally presented at the Administration in Social Work Editorial Board Institute, Charleston, SC, June 2002. The authors would like to thank Mike Austin for his very useful comments on an earlier draft of the paper.The percentage of MSW students specializing in administrative practice has been declining in recent years, as has the percentage of NASW members who identify themselves as administrators or supervisors. One of many possible explanations for these trends is that schools of social work are inhospitable environments for social work administration. The research reported in this article sought to determine if administration students perceive the school climates at three different universities to be hostile to social work management practice, and, if so, to explore the dynamics of how these climates influence the choices made and the education of administration students. We found that at all three schools, nonadministration students were perceived to be critical of students who selected administration concentrations and administration as a career path, that majorities of students experienced anti-management comments and attitudes in a variety of forms, and that administration students thought their foundation courses provided inadequate background for their advanced studies. The article concludes with a discussion of the findings and recommendations for change. (C) 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved

Analysis of memory usage in a LaserJet printer

Thesis (S.B. and M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 56).by Novice M.J. Ezell.S.B.and M.Eng

Informe del análisis de muestras de fitolitos del Valle del Cauca

En este informe, se detallan los resultados de los análisis de fitolitos realizados en sedimentos de varios contextos arqueológicos, la mayoría del sitio Hacienda Malagana y del periodo Malagana. Las muestras provienen de los siguientes contextos:5El interior de vasijas antropomorfas que representan mujeres sentadas sobre los talones (50/1342, 80b/1337, 80e/1345, 53/1355). Estas vasijas no son parte de ajuares funerarios, sino de ofrendas rituales.De los alrededores o debajo de estas vasijas antropomorfas femeninas (49/1348, 53a/1354).Del interior de otras vasijas: del periodo Ilama (80i/1338); del periodo Malagana (45/1331, 81c/1334, 51/1344, 80g/1350, 78/1352, 52/1353); del periodo Tardío (80bis/1302).De rellenos de tumbas (80c, 80d/1330,1301; 80f/1340).De rellenos de pozos (47/1341, 46/1343).De orificios de poste (81d/1335).De otros contextos (77/1333, 80h/1336,44/1339, 35/1349).Todos estos contextos, con excepción de los detallados en el numeral 3, corresponden al periodo Malagana. En la Tabla 1 se presentan los datos completos de estos contextos. En este informe, primero, se detallan los procedimientos utilizados para extraer e identificar los fitolitos. Luego, se describen los taxones vegetales identificados mediante el análisis de fitolitos en el conjunto de muestras. Finalmente, se examinan los resultados de acuerdo con los contextos y se discute si existe una asociación entre contextos particulares y ocurrencias de determinados fitolitos.

Anticancer drug screening using invitro Cell Proliferation assay

Introduction: In this presentation cell proliferation methods and how they are related to screening for effective chemotherapy drugs will be reviewed. Cancer in its most basic form is the unchecked mass dividing of cells while normal apoptosis is not undertaken for various reasons, some of which that have yet to be discovered. By these means’ tumors form that inhibit the functions of the organs it is residing in and the effected cells may metastasize and spread throughout the body. For this reason, chemotherapy drugs must be assessed through introduction into working strains of cultured cancer cells that are then screened for effectiveness through a process called cell proliferation assays. Objective: The goal is to find the exact dosage for inhibiting the greatest number of Colorectal Cancer Cell (CRC) cells, strain HCT-116, while leaving other healthy cells unaffected as the methods are explained. Methods: Several methods exist for determining the resulting levels of proliferation of cells after drug administration such as: Molecular Targeted Therapies (MTT) and (Water Soluble Tetrazolium) WST-1 that uses a tetrazolium salt reagent on the cells before introducing the drug in question and then a colorimetric assay is used to determine the quantity of living cells remaining through assessing which retain the dye that is produced. Alamar BLUE is another experiment that uses redox reactions but substitutes the tetrazolium with resorufin, other options include Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay which analyzes the amount of a thymidine analog that is present post experiment after it has been absorbed by denatured DNA. Results: Once cell counts have been gathered, drugs of varying concentrations have been administered, and the assays are performed to gather the number of cells that continue to proliferate, tables and graphs reflecting such information may be drawn to find the Growth Inhibitory dose of 50% (GI 50) of the cells. Discussion: At the conclusion of these trials work will still need to be done to find how these drugs will be implemented in vivo. The next logical step is moving on to testing these therapies on animals to find strengths and weaknesses in live models. Conclusion: Through the course of testing 4 different chemotherapy drugs on HCT-116, MTT and other such cell proliferation assays are utilized in finding the correct dosages to elicit the desired response of inhibiting the growth of CRC cells. The process will begin from the first splitting of cell stock to acquire workable amounts of HCT-116, culturing this working stock, and passaging it as the quantity of cells become larger. The cell proliferation methods will be outlined along with the reasoning and theory behind them to include the materials utilized. The results will be discussed while also explaining how the results are to be properly evaluated. Finally, graphed analysis resulting in either GI 50 curves may be constructed to better tabulate what the varying concentrations effects resulted in. From here we continue to narrow our search to more finite concentrations that will yield better results in killing only the exact number of cells desired

YB-1 transcription factor promotes Sorafenib resistance in Liver Cancer

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignant liver tumor that commonly occurs as a progression of chronic liver inflammation. Sorafenib is the standard first-line systemic drug for advanced HCC, but the acquired resistance to sorafenib results in limited benefits. The mechanism underlying sorafenib resistance in HCC remains unclear. Recently, we have identified a multifunctional oncoprotein Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) that dysregulates a wide range of genes involved in drug resistance in other cancers and is responsible for increasing the IC-50 of sorafenib in HCC cell lines. In this study we will analyze the signaling pathways and genes regulated by YB-1, that is responsible for increasing sorafenib resistant in liver cancer cells. Methods: HCC cell lines SK-Hep-1, C3A, HepG2 and Hep-3B were treated with Sorafenib and the IC-50 was calculated using MTT assay. RNA and protein of YB-1 was analyzed using RT-PCR and western blot respectively. Lentiviral based overexpression and knockdown of YB1 was performed in these cell lines and sorafenib IC50 were calculated to verify its role in Sorafenib resistance. Development of sorafenib resistant cell line is in progress. Results: IC-50 values calculated from MTT assays of the HCC cell lines were compared with the YB-1 protein expression in four liver cancer cell lines. Knockdown of YB-1 re-sensitized cell lines to Sorafenib. We have developed Sorafenib resistant cell lines to further study the mechanism of YB-1 mediated drug resistance. Conclusion: This study will establish oncogenic YB-1 protein as an effective therapeutic target to overcome sorafenib resistance in liver cancer

New insights into atmospherically relevant reaction systems using direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS)

The application of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS), which is finding increasing use in atmospheric chemistry, to two different laboratory model systems for airborne particles is investigated: (1) submicron C3–C7 dicarboxylic acid (diacid) particles reacted with gas-phase trimethylamine (TMA) or butylamine (BA) and (2) secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles from the ozonolysis of α-cedrene. The diacid particles exhibit a clear odd–even pattern in their chemical reactivity toward TMA and BA, with the odd-carbon diacid particles being substantially more reactive than even ones. The ratio of base to diacid in reacted particles, determined using known diacid–base mixtures, was compared to that measured by high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS), which vaporizes the whole particle. Results show that DART-MS probes  ∼  30 nm of the surface layer, consistent with other studies on different systems. For α-cedrene SOA particles, it is shown that varying the temperature of the particle stream as it enters the DART-MS ionization region can distinguish between specific components with the same molecular mass but different vapor pressures. These results demonstrate the utility of DART-MS for (1) examining reactivity of heterogeneous model systems for atmospheric particles and (2) probing components of SOA particles based on volatility

Targeting BTK for the treatment of FLT3-ITD mutated acute myeloid leukemia

Approximately 20% of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have a mutation in FMS-like-tyrosine-kinase-3 (FLT3). FLT3 is a trans-membrane receptor with a tyrosine kinase domain which, when activated, initiates a cascade of phosphorylated proteins including the SRC family of kinases. Recently our group and others have shown that pharmacologic inhibition and genetic knockdown of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) blocks AML blast proliferation, leukaemic cell adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells as well as migration of AML blasts. The anti-proliferative effects of BTK inhibition in human AML are mediated via inhibition of downstream NF-κB pro-survival signalling however the upstream drivers of BTK activation in human AML have yet to be fully characterised. Here we place the FLT3-ITD upstream of BTK in AML and show that the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib inhibits the survival and proliferation of FLT3-ITD primary AML blasts and AML cell lines. Furthermore ibrutinib inhibits the activation of downstream kinases including MAPK, AKT and STAT5. In addition we show that BTK RNAi inhibits proliferation of FLT3-ITD AML cells. Finally we report that ibrutinib reverses the cyto-protective role of BMSC on FLT3-ITD AML survival. These results argue for the evaluation of ibrutinib in patients with FLT3-ITD mutated AML