Lymphocyte subpopulations in children after allogenic stem cell transplantation

B a c k g r o u n d. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a method of treatment in a variety of diseases, which involves replacing the recipient's bone marrow by healthy donor stem cells. O b j e c t i v e. The aim of the study was the analysis of immune reconstitution in children and adolescents after allo- HSCT. P a t i e n t s a n d m e t h o d s. We analyzed lymphocyte subpopulations in 67 children after allo-HSCT for hematological malignancies and non-malignant diseases. B-cells, T-cells, NK (natural killer cells) and CD4/CD8 ratio were assayed in peripheral blood by flow cytometry using a set of antibodies CD2/CD19, CD3/CD4/CD8, CD3/CD16CD56 labeled with different fluorescent dyes. The tests were performed at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 24 months after the HSCT. R e s u l t s. Normalization of the number of lymphocytes occurred rapidly in the population of NK cells; however, significant decrease in the proportion of NK cells was observed at 6 months after HSCT (p=0.028). The recovery of T cells occurred after 3 months for CD2 and after 6 months for CD3 cells. Within the B-cell population, a significant delay of reconstitution was observed: CD19 cell percentage exceeded 5% (p<0.001) in the ninth month after HSCT, while it was above 10% afterwards. The normalization of CD4/CD8 ratio was very slow and delayed and did not achieve normal values within 24 months after allo-HSCT. C o n c l u s i o n s. Reconstitution of the immune system in children after allo-HSCT is the fastest for NK cells. Normal values of T- and B-lymphocytes were reached after 6 and 9 months, respectively. CD4/CD8 ratio is a parameter the normalization of which requires at least two years.W s t ę p. Przeszczepienie allogenicznych komórek krwiotwórczych (allo-HSCT) to metoda terapeutyczna polegająca na zastąpieniu szpiku kostnego biorcy przez komórki hematopoetyczne pochodzące od zdrowego dawcy. C e l. Analiza subpopulacji limfocytów u dzieci po przeszczepieniu allogenicznych komórek krwiotwórczych. P a c j e n c i i m e t o d y k a. Badaniu poddanych zostało 67 dzieci, u których przeprowadzono allo-HSCT z powodu chorób nowotworowych i nie-nowotworowych. We krwi obwodowej badano limfocyty B, T i NK oraz stosunek CD4/CD8 metodą cytometrii przepływowej, stosując zestawy przeciwciał CD2/CD19, CD3/CD4/CD8, CD3/CD16/CD56 wyznakowane różnymi barwnikami fluorescencyjnymi. Badania wykonano w 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 i 24 miesiącu po HSCT. Wy n i k i. Normalizacja liczby limfocytów nastąpiła najszybciej w obrębie populacji komórek NK, jednak po 6 miesiącach obserwowano znaczne zmniejszanie odsetka tych komórek (p=0,028). Normalizacja limfocytów T wystąpiła po 3 miesiącach dla CD2 i po 6 miesiącach dla CD3. W obrębie limfocytów B stwierdzono istotne opóźnienie rekonstytucji: dopiero w 9 miesiącu odsetek komórek CD19+ przekroczył 5% (p<0,001), a w kolejnych punktach czasowych wynosił powyżej 10%. Rekonstytucja odsetka CD4/CD8 była powolna i opóźniona i nie osiągnęła normalizacji w przeciągu 24 miesięcy po allo-HSCT. Wn i o s k i. Rekonstytucja układu immunologicznego u dzieci po allo-HSCT najszybciej przebiega dla komórek NK. Prawidłowe wartości limfocytów T i B osiągane są odpowiednio, po około 6 i 9 miesiącach. Stosunek CD4/CD8 jest parametrem, którego normalizacja wymaga co najmniej 2 lat

Use of social media by companies to build the brand image

Obecność marki w mediach społecznościowych pozwala dotrzeć do szerokiego grona odbiorców. Media społecznościowe stanowią doskonały kanał dystrybucji dla firm i ich marek - zarówno dużych, jak i małych. Każda marka może z tego skorzystać. Media społecznościowe mają kluczowe znaczenie dla budowania marki. Ważne jest przede wszystkim to, aby zainwestować kreatywność, własne myśli i zasoby finansowe, zwłaszcza, gdy dla budowania wizerunku marki angażuje się znanego influencera. Niniejsza praca ma na celu zrozumienie postrzegania przez klientów promocji marki w mediach społecznościowych. Przeprowadzone badania pokazują, że chociaż intencja budowania marki w mediach społecznościowych jest zrozumiała klientom, to jednak nie zawsze jest dobrze przez nich kojarzona i właściwie odbierana. Konsumenci są coraz bardziej świadomi mechanizmów marketingowych stosowanych przez marki i są ostrożni w podejmowaniu decyzji zakupowych. Praca pozwala spojrzeć na problem budowania marki w mediach społecznościowych z perspektywy konsumentów. Sposobem zbierania danych w niniejszej pracy jest ankieta skierowana do klientów Galerii Krakowskiej.The brand's presence in social media allows it to reach a wide audience. Social media is an excellent distribution channel for companies and their brands - both large and small. Any brand can take advantage of this. Social media is critical to branding. Above all, it is important to invest creativity, thoughts and financial resources, especially when a well-known influencer is involved in building the brand image.This dpocument aims to understand customer perception of brand promotion in social media. The conducted research shows that although the intention to build a brand in social media is understandable to customers, it is not always well associated and properly perceived by them. Consumers are increasingly aware of the marketing mechanisms used by brands and are careful in making purchasing decisions.The document allows you to look at the problem of brand building in social media from the perspective of consumers.The method of collecting data in this document is a questionnaire addressed to customers of the Krakow Gallery

Positive and negative adjustment in couples undergoing infertility treatment: The impact of support exchange.

BACKGROUND:Perceived social support relates to infertility-related distress in couples undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. Studies examining the effect of other support types on both positive and negative adjustment among infertile couples are scarce or non-existent. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of support receipt, provision, invisibility (the discrepancy between one partner's received and the other partner's provided support), and equity (the discrepancy between each partner's received and provided support) on the positive (life purpose) and negative (depressive symptoms) indices of well-being in couples undergoing ART treatment. METHODS:Depressive symptoms (CES-D), life purpose (PIL), and social support (BSSS) were assessed among 31 married couples (mean age 32.67 years) undergoing ART treatment. Data were analyzed by applying the Actor-Partner-Interdependence Model (APIM) using multilevel modeling. FINDINGS:Both receiving and providing support had beneficial effects in women and men. However, sub-analysis showed differences according to gender and the support exchange effects. Women reported higher depression and lower life purpose but benefited more from support, and their well-being was more dependent on their own perception of support provision and receipt. Men demonstrated higher adjustment to infertility but benefited less from support, and their well-being was mostly correlated with supportive behaviors of their wives. DISCUSSION:Adjustment mechanisms of women and men undergoing ART treatment vary considerably; thus, gender should be taken into consideration in interventions. Future studies should focus on costs/benefits and gender differences of visible and invisible support in infertility settings

Actor and partner effects of coping on adjustment in couples undergoing assisted reproduction treatment

Background Infertility is a shared experience as it affects both partners. However, mutual dependencies between coping and adjustment at the couple level remain to be fully elucidated. The study attempted to address this issue using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) to examine the actor effect (the extent to which an individual’s score on coping predicted their own level of depressive symptoms and life purpose) and the partner effect (the extent to which an individual’s score on coping predicted the level of adjustment in the partner) in couples undergoing assisted reproduction treatment (ART). Participants and procedure Coping strategies, depressive symptoms, and life purpose were assessed among 31 married couples (aged 27-38 years) undergoing ART. The Brief COPE, CES-D, and PIL questionnaires were used. Data were analyzed by multilevel modeling (MLM). Results The results of MLM indicated that focus on positive and active coping had an actor effect with depressive symptoms and life purpose, respectively. The actor effect of evasive coping on depression was moderated by gender and significant only in women. The partner effect was demonstrated for evasive coping, social support seeking, and substance use – the first two were gender moderated and significant in men. Conclusions Coping efforts in the couple during infertility treatment are not only associated with the individual but also the partner’s adjustment to that situation. Although the focus on positive and active coping was associated with individual benefits, other coping strategies which have the function of a protective buffer may also result in the occurrence of side effects, especially in females

Results of MLM of support equity on depression and life purpose (<i>N</i> = 31 couples).

<p>Results of MLM of support equity on depression and life purpose (<i>N</i> = 31 couples).</p

Results of MLM of support provision on depression and life purpose (<i>N</i> = 31 couples).

<p>Results of MLM of support provision on depression and life purpose (<i>N</i> = 31 couples).</p

Descriptive statistics and gender comparisons (<i>N</i> = 31 couples).

<p>Descriptive statistics and gender comparisons (<i>N</i> = 31 couples).</p

Partial correlation, controlled for gender, between the study variables (<i>N</i> = 62 participants).

<p>Partial correlation, controlled for gender, between the study variables (<i>N</i> = 62 participants).</p

Results of MLM of invisible support on depression and life purpose (<i>N</i> = 31 couples).

<p>Results of MLM of invisible support on depression and life purpose (<i>N</i> = 31 couples).</p