Crowdsourcing Fungal Biodiversity : Revision of Inaturalist Observations in Northwestern Siberia

The paper presents the first analysis of crowdsourcing data of all observations of fungi (including lichens) and myxomycetes in Northwestern Siberia uploaded to iNaturalist.org to date (24.02.2022). The Introduction presents an analysis of fungal diversity crowdsourcing globally, in Russia, and in the region of interest. Materials and methods describe the protocol of uploading data to iNaturalist.org, the structure of the crowdsourcing community. initiative to revise the accumulated data. procedures of data analysis, and compilation of a dataset of revised crowdsourced data. The Results present the analysis of accumulated data by several parameters: temporal, geographical and taxonomical scope, observation and identification efforts, identifiability of various taxa, species novelty and Red Data Book categories and the protection status of registered observations. The Discussion provides data on usability of crowdsourcing data for biodiversity research and conservation of fungi, including pros and contras. The Electronic Supplements to the paper include an annotated checklist of observations of protected species with information on Red Data Book categories and the protection status, and an annotated checklist of regional records of new taxa. The paper is supplemented with a dataset of about 15 000 revised and annotated records available through Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The tradition of crowdsourcing is rooted in mycological societies around the world, including Russia. In Northwestern Siberia, a regional mycological club was established in 2018, encouraging its members to contribute observations of fungi on iNaturalist.org. A total of about 15 000 observations of fungi and myxomycetes were uploaded so far, by about 200 observers, from three administrative regions (Yamalo-Nenetsky Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Tyumen Region). The geographical coverage of crowdsourcing observations remains low. However. the observation activity has increased in the last four years. The goal of this study consisted of a collaborative effort of professional mycologists invited to help with the identification of these observations and analysis of the accumulated data. As a result, all observations were reviewed by at least one expert. About half of all the observations have been identified reliably to the species level and received Research Grade status. Of those, 90 species (195 records) represented records of taxa new to their respective regions: 876 records of 53 species of protected species provide important data for conservation programmes. The other half of the observations consists of records still under-identified for various reasons: poor quality photographs, complex taxa (impossible to identify without microscopic or molecular study). or lack of experts in a particular taxonomic group. The Discussion section summarises the pros and cons of the use of crowdsourcing for the study and conservation of regional fungal diversity, and summarises the dispute on this subject among mycologists. Further research initiatives involving crowdsourcing data must focus on an increase in the quality of observations and strive to introduce the habit of collecting voucher specimens among the community of amateurs. The timely feedback from experts is also important to provide quality and the increase of personal involvement.Peer reviewe

Accelerated Phase-lock-loop Frequency Control Methods of User’s Equipment in Perspective Radio Navigation Systems

This paper investigates noise-immunity of accelerated phase-lock-loop frequency control algorithms of user equipment in perspective ground-based radio navigation systems. Three algorithms of accelerated phase-lock-loop frequency control are suggested and described. Statistic simulations of signal processing in involved system are given

Comparative Analysis of Phase-lock Control System Algorithms for Spread-spectrum Signal Receiver

В статье исследуется помехоустойчивость системы фазовой синхронизации приёмника шумоподобного сигнала с минимальной частотной манипуляцией при воздействии структурно-подобной помехи. Предложены и описаны четыре алгоритма слежения за фазой шумоподобного сигнала с минимальной частотной манипуляцией. Представлены результаты статистического моделирования рассматриваемой системы.This paper investigates noise-immunity of phase-lock control system for spread-spectrum minimum shift keying signal receiver in case of adjacent channel interference influence. Four algorithms of phase-lock control system are suggested and described. Statistic simulations of signal processing in involved system are given

Accelerated Phase-lock-loop Frequency Control Methods of User’s Equipment in Perspective Radio Navigation Systems

This paper investigates noise-immunity of accelerated phase-lock-loop frequency control algorithms of user equipment in perspective ground-based radio navigation systems. Three algorithms of accelerated phase-lock-loop frequency control are suggested and described. Statistic simulations of signal processing in involved system are given

Comparative Analysis of Phase-lock Control System Algorithms for Spread-spectrum Signal Receiver

В статье исследуется помехоустойчивость системы фазовой синхронизации приёмника шумоподобного сигнала с минимальной частотной манипуляцией при воздействии структурно-подобной помехи. Предложены и описаны четыре алгоритма слежения за фазой шумоподобного сигнала с минимальной частотной манипуляцией. Представлены результаты статистического моделирования рассматриваемой системы.This paper investigates noise-immunity of phase-lock control system for spread-spectrum minimum shift keying signal receiver in case of adjacent channel interference influence. Four algorithms of phase-lock control system are suggested and described. Statistic simulations of signal processing in involved system are given

A Mitochondrial Mutator System in Maize

The P2 line of maize (Zea mays) is characterized by mitochondrial genome destabilization, initiated by recessive nuclear mutations. These alleles alter copy number control of mitochondrial subgenomes and disrupt normal transfer of mitochondrial genomic components to progeny, resulting in differences in mitochondrial DNA profiles among sibling plants and between parents and progeny. The mitochondrial DNA changes are often associated with variably defective phenotypes, reflecting depletion of essential mitochondrial genes. The P2 nuclear genotype can be considered a natural mutagenesis system for maize mitochondria. It dramatically accelerates mitochondrial genomic divergence by increasing low copy-number subgenomes, by rapidly amplifying aberrant recombination products, and by causing the random loss of normal components of the mitochondrial genomes

Data on accessibility of corporate information and business transparency in Russia

Empirically based, the data description covers business transparency in Russia and availability of corporate information for interested parties. Entry barriers in the form of a fee for hard copies of documents are perceptible as an important indicator of business publicity. The study made it possible to summarize current data on 5070 Russian enterprises in order to estimate document copying cost differentiation according to the developed model. The sample size made it also possible to ensure high levels of data quality and representativeness. Actual limiting average mean error Δp was 3.47% with 99% of study validity. The analysis relied on regional and sectorial data groupings to show a strength of various impact factors. In view of this, correlation coefficients, average and weighted average cost values, and descriptive statistics became secondary indicators. The cost value distributed along an interval scale is a major empirical result of the research. The examination of the obtained data makes it possible to identify an availability level of corporate information for various stakeholders and the general public. This is a part of civil right enforcement in the field of information control and validity check. Conjugated scientific issues include pricing of non-core services of companies, corporate relations and modelling of market behaviours. By making a representative data set, authors make an effort to fill the fact-based gap available in other disciplines and related to business transparency in Russia. Keywords: Companies, Corporate information, Entry barriers, Stakeholders, Corporate relations, Business transparenc

Projection of enterprise survival rate in dynamics of regional economic sustainability: case study of Russia and the EU

Discussing the problem of economic sustainability, we are in general deal with life cycles and economic activity. Factors causing dynamics in entrepreneurial ventures, their duration and process rate depend on environmental conditions, including institutional, market, infrastructure, and resource aspects. A cumulative impact of all of these factors appears at a specific level of enterprise survival, which becomes a universal characteristic of sustainable economy. Going from official statistics on business demography and complementary empirical data, in this research, we focus on enterprise survival trends in Russia and the EU. The results obtained for Russia assume that in a number of industries, there is an intensive turnover of companies. Over the past two years, a medium-term trend towards a reducing number of enterprise births and increasing number of enterprise deaths in Russia has had a negative ratio. The average enterprise survival rate within a horizon of one year (2013/2014) was 74% in Russia and 77% in the EU. For a five-year period of 2009/2014, the average enterprise survival rate was less than 55% and 45% respectively. In general, in countries with a low average enterprise survival rate, in the first year, there is a persisting low rating in almost all of the industries, assuming that trends in enterprise sustainability dynamics depend on an overall economic situation instead of specifics in a particular sector. An important conclusion from the research is that the long-term survival rate of Russian companies is clearly higher, while the short-term one is lower than that of companies in the EU

The Influence of Oxygen Activity on Phase Composition, Crystal Structure, and Electrical Conductivity of CaV_1–xMo_xO_3±δ

Perovskite–like vanadate–molybdates are interesting from the point of view of their metal–like conductivity, which combines the correlated and free electron nature. A series of CaV1–xMoxO3–δ solid solutions was considered near the Mo concentration x = 0.4, where a difficult–to–perceive structural transition was previously detected. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the phase separation of CaV0.6Mo0.4O3–δ into nanoscale regions with different ratios of V and Mo concentrations, despite X–ray diffraction analysis exhibiting a homogeneous perovskite structure. The rest of the compositions from the CaV1–xMoxO3–δ series do not show phase separation. The nonmonotonic behavior of the conductivity and linear expansion of CaV1–xMoxO3±δ was shown when the oxygen activity in the N2-H2-H2O gas mixture was varied, which is mainly determined by the partial decomposition of the perovskite phase. Against this background, the behavior of the electrical properties of the CaV1–xMoxO3±δ individual phase remains unclear

Differential Expression of Alternative Oxidase Genes in Maize Mitochondrial Mutants

We have examined the expression of three alternative oxidase (aox) genes in two types of maize mitochondrial mutants. Nonchromosomal stripe (NCS) mutants carry mitochondrial DNA deletions that affect subunits of respiratory complexes and show constitutively defective growth. Cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) mutants have mitochondrial DNA rearrangements, but they are impaired for mitochondrial function only during anther development. In contrast to normal plants, which have very low levels of AOX, NCS mutants exhibit high expression of aox genes in all nonphotosynthetic tissues tested. The expression pattern is specific for each type of mitochondrial lesion: the NADH dehydrogenase–defective NCS2 mutant has high expression of aox2, whereas the cytochrome oxidase–defective NCS6 mutant predominantly expresses aox3. Similarly, aox2 and aox3 can be induced differentially in normal maize seedlings by specific inhibitors of these two respiratory complexes. Translation-defective NCS4 plants show induction of both aox2 and aox3. AOX2 and AOX3 proteins differ in their ability to be regulated by reversible dimerization. CMS mutants show relatively high levels of aox2 mRNAs in young tassels but none in ear shoots. Significant expression of aox1 is detected only in NCS and CMS tassels. The induction pattern of maize aox genes could serve as a selective marker for diverse mitochondrial defects