Strength training for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease commonly present peripheral muscular weakness associated with intolerance to exercise. Although being effective, aerobic exercise presents little or no effect on the muscular weakness and atrophy, besides not being tolerated by the majority of patients with COPD. Within this context, strength training is a rational option for increasing muscular strength; it is also more tolerable than aerobic exercise. The increase in peripheral muscular strength is the most consistent benefit of strength training and, when it is added to aerobic exercise; it does not result in additional improvement in exercise capacity, dyspnea or quality of life. Nevertheless, it has been observed that combined training is physiologically more complete and can be a reasonable option of a more diverse physical conditioning. Training of moderate to high intensity results in greater physiological adaptations; however, low-intensity exercise is tolerable, simple and easy to be performed at home, does not require any sophisticated equipment and results in significant benefits. This exercise is indicated, above all, to patients with more advanced COPD. Finally, there is recent evidence that strength training for trunk muscles is a valid alternative for improving functional exercise capacity and pulmonary function in patients with COPD. The present review suggests the incorporation of strength training as a routine strategy in pulmonary rehabilitation programs. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the effects of strength training in the mental health, in the performance of daily tasks, in the bone and joint health, in the risk of falls and in the pulmonary function, among others.Pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica apresentam comumente fraqueza muscular periférica associada à intolerância ao exercício. Embora efetivo, o exercício aeróbio apresenta pouco ou nenhum efeito na fraqueza e atrofia muscular, além de não ser tolerado pela maioria dos pacientes com DPOC. Nesse sentido, o treinamento de força é opção racional para aumentar a força muscular, além de já ter se mostrado mais tolerável que o exercício aeróbio. O aumento de força muscular periférica é o benefício mais consistente do treinamento de força e, quando este é associado ao exercício aeróbio, não resulta em melhora adicional da capacidade de exercício, da dispnéia e da qualidade de vida. Contudo, observa-se que o treinamento combinado é fisiologicamente mais completo e pode ser uma opção de condicionamento físico mais diversificado. O treinamento de moderada a alta intensidade resulta em maiores adaptações fisiológicas, entretanto o exercício de baixa intensidade é tolerável, simples, de fácil execução domiciliar, não requer equipamentos sofisticados e resulta em benefícios significativos. Este exercício é indicado, sobretudo, para os pacientes com DPOC mais avançada. Finalmente, há evidências recentes de que o treinamento de força para os músculos do tronco é alternativa válida para melhorar a capacidade funcional de exercício e a função pulmonar em pacientes com DPOC. A presente revisão de literatura sugere a incorporação do treinamento de força como estratégia de rotina nos programas de reabilitação pulmonar. Pesquisas futuras são necessárias para avaliar os efeitos do treinamento de força na saúde mental, no desempenho em atividades de vida diária, na saúde osteoarticular, no risco de quedas e na função pulmonar, entre outros.UNESP Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Departamento de Ginecologia e ObstetríciaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Ciências da SaúdeUNIFESP, Depto. de Ciências da SaúdeSciEL

Influência da pré-eclâmpsia na capacidade funcional de exercício

Gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia apresentam alterações nas vias aéreas superiores e no sistema cardiovascular quando comparadas com gestantes normais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as pressões respiratórias máximas, a espirometria e a capacidade funcional de exercício em gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia, através de manovacuometria, espirometria e teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Foram avaliadas 74 gestantes, sendo 37 normais (controle) e 37 com pré-eclâmpisa, entre estas 16 com préeclâmpsia leve e 21 com pré-eclâmpsia grave. As pressões respiratórias máximas e a maioria das variáveis espirométricas foram semelhantes entre os grupos pré-eclâmpsia e controle, exceto o maior volume minuto [14 (12; 16) x 12 (10; 14)] e menor capacidade vital forçada [100 (97; 106) x 106 (98; 111)] verificados no grupo pré-eclâmpsia, quando comparado com o grupo controle, respectivamente. A capacidade funcional de exercício representada pela distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos foi menor no grupo pré-eclâmpsia (421±59 m) quando comparado com o grupo controle (497± 39 m). A análise de regressão múltipla identificou a presença de pré-eclâmpsia e a capacidade vital forçada como preditores da distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (R2= 98,5%). Conclui-se que, a pré-eclâmpsia está associada com menor tolerância ao exercício, quando avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Apenas dois parâmetros espirométricos, volume minuto e capacidade vital forçada, apresentaram alterações significativas no grupo com pré-eclâmpsia, sendo que a capacidade vital forçada influenciou no desempenho durante o exercício. A pré-eclâmpsia não interfere nas funções musculares respiratórias representadas pelas pressões inspiratória e expiratória máximas.Pregnants with pre-eclampsia present upper airway and cardiovascular dysfunctions when compared with healthy pregnants. The aim of the current study was to assess maximal respiratory pressures, spirometry and functional exercise capacity in pregnants womem with pre-eclampsia, by evaluation of manovacuometer, spirometry and six-minute walk test. Seventy-four pregnants were evaluated, 37 healthy (control) and 37 with preeclampsia: 16 with mild and 21 with severe pre-eclampsia. Maximal respiratory pressures and most of spirometrics variables were similar between pre-eclampsia and control groups, exception the higher minute ventilation [14 (12;16) x 12 (10;14)] and the minimal forced vital capacity [100 (97;106) x 106 (98;111)] observed in pre-eclampsia compared with control group, respectively. Functional exercise capacity represented by the distance performed for the six-minute walk test, was lower in pre-eclampsia group (421±59 m) compared with control group (497± 39 m). Multiple regression analysis identified pre-eclampsia and forced vital capacity as predictors of distance performed on the six-minute walk test (R2= 98,5%). Therefore it was concluded that pre-eclampsia is associated with lower exercise tolerance when assessed by the six-minute walk test. Only two spirometrics variables presented significative alteration in pre-eclampsia group, minute ventilation and forced vital capacity which influenced the exercise performance. Pre-eclampsia does not interfere in respiratory muscle function, represented by the maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Bioimpedance in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia

To analyze the direct (resistance and reactance) and indirect (intra and extracellular total body water) BIA parameters in preeclamptic women, 51 healthy pregnant women and 65 preeclamptic women were submmited to bioeletric impedance on the thrid trimester of gestation The significance value adopted was 5% Preeclamptic women showed lower values for R (448 Omega vs 542 Omega), Rc (40 Omega vs 53 Omega) and ICW (49 45% vs 51%) when compared to control group They also showed higher values for TBW (49% vs 47%), TBWcor (41 6% vs 34%) and ECW (50% vs 47%) Biolectric impedance allowed differentiating preeclamptic women from health pregnant women, indicating that preeclampsia changes body compartments during pregnancy This method can help understand the mechanisms involved in preeclampsia and to be a prediction away of preeclampsiaCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Pleiotropic effects of Chr15q25 nicotinic gene cluster and the relationship between smoking, cognition and ADHD

Polymorphisms in the <i>CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4</i> gene cluster (Chr15q25) have been robustly associated with nicotine dependence, including genome-wide studies, as well as with cognitive and neuropsychological measures. In addition, cognitive processes can be influenced by nicotine use through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Here, we evaluated the effect of polymorphisms in <i>CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4</i> gene cluster and their interaction with tobacco smoking status on cognition in patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Eight SNPs from the <i>CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4</i> gene cluster were evaluated on a clinical sample of 403 adults with ADHD. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). Analyses of covariance were used to assess the influence of single markers and their interaction with smoking status in the Vocabulary and Block Design subtests of WAIS-R. Correction for multiple comparisons was applied. Lifetime smoking was associated to Vocabulary subtest. The TT genotypes of CHRNA5 SNPs rs588765 and rs514743 showed a trend towards association with, respectively, higher and lower scores on the Vocabulary subtest. There was a significant interaction between intergenic SNP rs8023462 and smoking on Vocabulary scores. Our results are consistent with an influence of variants in the <i>CHRNA5</i>-<i>CHRNA3</i>-<i>CHRNB4</i> gene cluster on cognitive measures. The overall scenario suggests a pleiotropic role of Chr15q25 nicotinic gene cluster with complex influences in ADHD, tobacco smoking and cognitive performance, characteristics that can be partially interdependent and may share underlying genetic factors

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ