Increased mean aliphatic lipid chain length in left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to arterial hypertension: A cross-sectional study

About 77.9 million (1 in 4) American adults have high blood pressure. High blood pressure is the primary cause of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which represents a strong predictor of future heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. Previous studies have shown an altered metabolic profile in hypertensive patients with LVH. The goal of this study was to identify blood metabolomic LVH biomarkers by H NMR to provide novel diagnostic tools for rapid LVH detection in populations of hypertensive individuals. This cross-sectional study included 48 hypertensive patients with LVH matched with 48 hypertensive patients with normal LV size, and 24 healthy controls. Two-dimensional targeted M-mode echocardiography was performed to measure left ventricular mass index. Partial least squares discriminant analysis was used for the multivariate analysis of the H NMR spectral data. From the H NMR-based metabolomic profiling, signals coming from methylene (-CH2-) and methyl (-CH3) moieties of aliphatic chains from plasma lipids were identified as discriminant variables. The -CH2-/-CH3 ratio, an indicator of the mean length of the aliphatic lipid chains, was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the LVH group than in the hypertensive group without LVH and controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve showed that a cutoff of 2.34 provided a 52.08% sensitivity and 85.42% specificity for discriminating LVH (AUC = 0.703, P-value < 0.001). We propose the -CH2-/-CH3 ratio from plasma aliphatic lipid chains as a biomarker for the diagnosis of left ventricular remodeling in hypertension

New biomarkers and therapeutic targets in left ventricular hypertrophy

L'hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche (HVG) est un remodelage prédicteur du développement d'une insuffisance cardiaque et de la mortalité cardiovasculaire. L'hypertension artérielle est une cause majeure de l'HVG, puisque 30% des patients hypertendus développent une HVG. Un dépistage biologique précoce de l'HVG post hypertensive permettrait d'optimiser la prise en charge des patients et d'empêcher que l'HVG évolue vers l'insuffisance cardiaque. L'utilisation de biomarqueurs est un outil rapide, efficace et peu couteux pour le diagnostic de nombreuses pathologies. Dans la pratique clinique il n'existe pas de biomarqueurs pour identifier les patients hypertendus avec HVG de ceux sans ce remodelage. Le premier objectif de notre étude a été d'identifier des biomarqueurs plasmatiques de l'HVG post hypertensive. Une analyse métabolomique obtenue par spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire du proton (H1) a été effectuée sur les échantillons de plasma de 48 patients hypertendus avec HVG, 48 hypertendus sans HVG et 24 témoins. A l'aide d'outils bio-informatiques et d'analyses statistiques adaptées, nous avons mis en évidence la présence d'un ratio des groupements chimiques méthylène/ méthyle (-CH2-/-CH3) des chaines aliphatiques des lipides plasmatiques augmenté chez les patients hypertendus avec HVG (p<0.001). Ce ratio détecte la présence d'une HVG chez les patients hypertendus avec une sensitivité de 52.08% et une spécificité de 85.42%. Nous proposons que le ratio -CH2-/-CH3 des chaines aliphatiques lipidiques présent dans plasma représente un biomarqueur diagnostique de l'HVG dans l'hypertension artérielle. L'incidence de l'HVG est aussi augmentée chez les patients qui souffrent du syndrome métabolique (MetS). Le MetS est défini par la présence d'une obésité abdominale plus deux facteurs parmi la dyslipidémie, l'insulino-résistance et l'hypertension artérielle. Ces facteurs synergisent et sont les responsables de l'instauration d'une HVG et d'une progression vers l'insuffisance cardiaque. Des données publiées montrent que les patients MetS ont un taux réduit de l'insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2). L'IGFBP2 a un rôle potentiel dans le diabète et dans le métabolisme, mais il n'existe pas d'étude sur son rôle dans les pathologies cardiaques causées par une dérégulation métabolique. Le premier objectif de notre étude sur l'IGFBP2 a été de mesurer le taux plasmatique d'IGFBP2 et le taux d'expression cardiaque de l'ARN messager d'IGFBP2 dans une cohorte de patients avec et sans MetS. Nous avons montré que le taux plasmatique ainsi que le taux d'ARN messager cardiaque d'IGFBP2 sont diminués chez les patients avec le Mets comparé à des témoins. Puis, nous avons mesuré le tôt cardiaque d'ARN messager de l'IGFBP2 dans un model murin de MetS. Pour générer ce modèle, nous avons nourri des souris C57BL/6J avec du régime gras à 60% pendant 15 semaines. Le taux d'expression cardiaque de l'ARN messager de l'IGFBP2 est réduit chez les souris avec Mets, en accord avec les résultats obtenu chez l'homme. Enfin, nous avons testé si la thérapie génique utilisant un virus adeno-associé qui exprime l'IGFBP2 humaine (AAV9-hIGFBP2) pouvait restaurer un niveau normal d'IGFBP2 et interférer avec l'HVG causé par le MetS chez ces souris. Nos résultats montrent que l'injection de l'AAV9-hIGFBP2 rétabli durablement le niveau cardiaque d'IGFBP2 chez la souris avec MetS et qu'IGFBP2 prévient l'épaississement des parois du ventricule gauche, l'hypertrophie et la dysfonction cardiaque. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'IGFBP2 est une nouvelle cible thérapeutique potentielle de l'HVG.Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a strong predictor of future heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. Arterial hypertension is considered as the main causative agent for LVH as 30% of hypertensive patients develop LVH. These patients have an increased risk for cardiovascular complications and heart failure. Early diagnosis of LVH and prompt treatment are crucial to reduce LVH and stop its progression towards heart failure. Biomarkers could represent a rapid, effective and low-cost tool to discriminate hypertensive patients with LVH from those with normal LV size. Therefore, we aimed to identify plasma metabolomics biomarkers by 1H NMR to provide novel diagnostic tools for rapid detection of LVH in populations of hypertensive individuals. We realized a cross-sectional study including 48 hypertensive patients with LVH matched with 48 hypertensive patients with normal LV size, and 24 healthy controls. Two-dimensional targeted M-mode echocardiography was performed to measure left ventricular mass index. Partial least squares discriminant analysis was used for the multivariate analysis of the 1H NMR spectral data. From the 1H NMR analysis, we found that the methylene/methyl (-CH2-/-CH3) ratio of aliphatic chain from plasma lipids was significantly increased (p<0.001) in hypertensive patients with LVH compared to hypertensive patients without LVH and to control. Receiver operating characteristic curve showed that a cutoff value of 2.34 provided a 52.08% sensitivity and 85.42% specificity for discriminating LVH (AUC=0.703, p-value<0.001). We propose the -CH2/-CH3 ratio from plasma aliphatic lipid chains as a biomarker for the diagnosis of LVH in arterial hypertension. LVH incidence is also increased in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is defined by central obesity plus any two medical conditions such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension. These factors synergize to cause LV dysfunction and HF. Published data have shown that MetS patients have low plasma insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2). IGFBP2 was shown to play a role in diabetes and metabolism, but studies investigating its role in cardiac diseases are lacking. We first aimed to investigate plasma IGFBP2 levels and cardiac IGFBP2 mRNA levels in MetS patients. Both plasma levels and heart expression levels of IGFBP2 were decreased in patients with MetS compared to control patients. Further, in a C57BL/6J mouse model of 60% high fat diet-induced MetS, we measured cardiac mRNA IGFBP2 levels. According to the observed data in human, mice with MetS showed a decreased cardiac IGFBP2 mRNA level. Finally, we investigated whether a gene therapy strategy using adeno-associated virus 9 carrying human IGFBP2 coding sequence (AAV9-hIGFBP2) could prevent from MetS associated left ventricular hypertrophy. Our data showed that AAV9-hIGFBP2 injection restored durably cardiac IGFBP2 levels in mouse heart and prevented from left ventricle wall thickening, hypertrophy and dysfunction. These clinical and animal data suggest that IGFBP2 is a potential new cardiac therapeutic target in MetS

The prognostic value of plasma galectin-3 in chronic heart failure patients is maintained when treated with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is considered as a myocardial fibrosis biomarker with prognostic value in heart failure (HF). Since aldosterone is a neurohormone with established fibrotic properties, we aimed to investigate if mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) would modulate the prognostic value of Gal-3.The IBLOMAVED cohort comprised 427 eligible chronic HF patients (CHF) with echocardiography and heart failure biomarkers assessments (BNP). After propensity score matching CHF patients for cardiovascular risk factors, to form balanced groups, Gal-3 levels were measured at baseline in plasma from patients treated with MRAs (MRA-Plus, n=101) or not (MRA-Neg, n=101). The primary end point was all-cause mortality with a follow-up of 3 years.Gal-3 in plasma from these patients were similar with median values of 14.0 ng/mL [IQR, 9.9-19.3] and 14.4 ng/mL [IQR, 12.3-19.8] (P = 0.132) in MRA-Neg and MRA-Plus, respectively. Patients with Gal-3 ≤17.8 ng/mL had an HR of 1 (reference group) and 1.5 [0.4-5.7] in MRA-Neg and MRA-Plus, respectively (p=0.509). Patients with Gal-3 ≥ 17.8 ng/mL had an HR of 7.4 [2.2-24.6] and 9.0 [2.9-27.8] in MRA-Plus and MRA-Neg, respectively (p=0.539) and a median survival time of 2.4 years [95%CI,1.8-2.4]. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis confirmed that MRA and the interaction term between MRA treatment and Gal-3 >17.8 ng/mL were not factors associated with survival.MRA treatment did not impair the prognostic value of Gal-3 assessed with a 17.8 ng/mL cut off. Gal-3 levels maintained its strong prognostic value in CHF also in patients treated with MRAs. The significance of the observed lack of an interaction between Gal-3 and treatment effect of MRAs remains to be elucidated

Survival analysis of cohort by the combination of MRA treatment and Gal-3 stratification.

<p>(A) Patients were categorized in two groups according to baseline concentration of Gal >17.8 ng/mL. Hazard ratio (HR) for patients with Gal-3 > 17.8 ng/mL was 7.42 [95%CI, 5.47–27.96]; p<0.0001. (B) Comparison of HR between the four groups of patients, according to the MRA treatment (MRA-Neg or MRA-Plus) and the Gal-3 level (Gal-3≤17.8 ng/mL or Gal-3>17.8 ng/mL). P values of differences between groups are indicated. The group of patients with Gal-3 ≤ 17.8 ng/mL and without MRA treatment constitutes the reference group (HR = 1).</p

Univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis.

<p>^a Hazard ratio adjusted for age and gender. In bold variables with p < 0.2 implemented in the multivariate cox proportional hazards analysis.</p><p>Univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis.</p

Multivariate cox proportional hazards analysis.

<p>Multivariate cox proportional hazards analysis.</p

Baseline characteristics of CHF patients.

<p>Baseline characteristics of CHF patients.</p

Endothelial-protective effects of a G-protein-biased sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor-1 agonist, SAR247799, in type-2 diabetes rats and a randomized placebo-controlled patient trial

AIMSSAR247799 is a G-protein-biased sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1 ) agonist designed to activate endothelial S1P1 and provide endothelial-protective properties, while limiting S1P1 desensitization and consequent lymphocyte-count reduction associated with higher doses. The aim was to show whether S1P1 activation can promote endothelial effects in patients and, if so, select SAR247799 doses for further clinical investigation. METHODSType-2 diabetes patients, enriched for endothelial dysfunction (flow-mediated dilation, FMD <7%; n = 54), were randomized, in 2 sequential cohorts, to 28-day once-daily treatment with SAR247799 (1 or 5 mg in ascending cohorts), placebo or 50 mg sildenafil (positive control) in a 5:2:2 ratio per cohort. Endothelial function was assessed by brachial artery FMD. Renal function, biomarkers and lymphocytes were measured following 5-week SAR247799 treatment (3 doses) to Zucker diabetic fatty rats and the data used to select the doses for human testing. RESULTSThe maximum FMD change from baseline vs placebo for all treatments was reached on day 35; mean differences vs placebo were 0.60% (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.34 to 1.53%; P = .203) for 1 mg SAR247799, 1.07% (95% CI 0.13 to 2.01%; P = .026) for 5 mg SAR247799 and 0.88% (95% CI -0.15 to 1.91%; P = .093) for 50 mg sildenafil. Both doses of SAR247799 were well tolerated, did not affect blood pressure, and were associated with minimal-to-no lymphocyte reduction and small-to-moderate heart rate decrease. CONCLUSIONThese data provide the first human evidence suggesting endothelial-protective properties of S1P1 activation, with SAR247799 being as effective as the clinical benchmark, sildenafil. Further clinical testing of SAR247799, at sub-lymphocyte-reducing doses (≤5 mg), is warranted in vascular diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction

Proteomics analysis reveals IGFBP2 as a candidate diagnostic biomarker for heart failure

Background: Diagnostic biomarkers for heart failure (HF) such as the natriuretic peptides (NPs) are widely used but have limitations. Innovative biomarkers could provide improved diagnostic performance. Methods: We launched a prospective case–control proteomic study and investigated for polypeptides specific to HF through a capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) proteomic analysis. The putative biomarker was identified by Orbitrap liquid chromatography-MS, validated by western blot, then by ELISA using plasmas from multicentric international cohorts. A rat model of HF was tested for biomarker expression levels. Results: We identified insulin like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) as a new diagnostic biomarker for HF with a high sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.96; p < 0.0001) in the local cohort and IGFBP2 levels provided an AUC of 0.943 (95% CI, 0.860-1.026) which gave a 87 % sensitivity in AHF and 90 % specificity at the cut off value previously determined in the discovery cohort, i.e. 556 ng/ml. ROC curve analysis of IGFBP2 and NTproBNP showed an AUC of 0.784 (95% CI, 0.744-0.820) for IGFBP2 and a significantly higher AUC of 0.927 (95% CI, 0.900-0.949) for NT-proBNP, p < 0.0001 in a Dutch cohort. In this cohort, the optimal cut off value for IGFBP2 gave a sensibility of 71% (95% CI, 66–76) and a specificity of 75% (95% CI, 65–83). Conclusion: IGFBP2 is a new biomarker to diagnose HF which could be used to provide additional information to the NPs. Animals models will help in the evaluation of the putative IGFBP2 regulated mechanisms in HF. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01024049