Carbon Capture and Storage Regulatory Test Toolkit - Summary Brochure

Large point sources of carbon dioxide are responsible for a significant proportion of the world's greenhouse gas emissions - with fossil fuel power stations and other large-scale industrial activities responsible for around half of the total. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is expected to make a major contribution to reducing these emissions. Few CCS projects currently exist in the world - and a lack of experience in regulatory agencies and commercial entities of how regulatory systems would apply to such projects increases risk - potentially leading to delays and increased costs for emerging CCS projects. This toolkit has been produced by Scottish Carbon Capture and Storage (SCCS) researchers on behalf of the Scottish Government and sponsored by the Global CCS Institute. It guides users through a regulatory test exercise, which provides a low-cost, low-risk approach to testing regional and national legislation and regulatory systems for CCS projects, and gaining the benefits in follow-up activities. The toolkit recommends use of a real or simulated CCS project as part of this exercise to assist government agencies and other stakeholders to work together to test and improve understanding of regulatory systems. It explains how a simulated or real CCS project can be taken through the regulatory process from inception to decommissioning - a test of the regulatory process at much lower cost, time and risk than would be incurred under a real project application.Large point sources of carbon dioxide are responsible for a significant proportion of the world's greenhouse gas emissions - with fossil fuel power stations and other large-scale industrial activities responsible for around half of the total. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is expected to make a major contribution to reducing these emissions. Few CCS projects currently exist in the world - and a lack of experience in regulatory agencies and commercial entities of how regulatory systems would apply to such projects increases risk - potentially leading to delays and increased costs for emerging CCS projects. This toolkit has been produced by Scottish Carbon Capture and Storage (SCCS) researchers on behalf of the Scottish Government and sponsored by the Global CCS Institute. It guides users through a regulatory test exercise, which provides a low-cost, low-risk approach to testing regional and national legislation and regulatory systems for CCS projects, and gaining the benefits in follow-up activities. The toolkit recommends use of a real or simulated CCS project as part of this exercise to assist government agencies and other stakeholders to work together to test and improve understanding of regulatory systems. It explains how a simulated or real CCS project can be taken through the regulatory process from inception to decommissioning - a test of the regulatory process at much lower cost, time and risk than would be incurred under a real project application

Risk stratification by pre-operative cardiopulmonary exercise testing improves outcomes following elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery : a cohort study

Background: In 2009, the NHS evidence adoption center and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published a review of the use of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). They recommended the development of a risk-assessment tool to help identify AAA patients with greater or lesser risk of operative mortality and to contribute to mortality prediction. A low anaerobic threshold (AT), which is a reliable, objective measure of pre-operative cardiorespiratory fitness, as determined by pre-operative cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is associated with poor surgical outcomes for major abdominal surgery. We aimed to assess the impact of a CPET-based risk-stratification strategy upon perioperative mortality, length of stay and non-operative costs for elective (open and endovascular) infra-renal AAA patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken. Pre-operative CPET-based selection for elective surgical intervention was introduced in 2007. An anonymized cohort of 230 consecutive infra-renal AAA patients (2007 to 2011) was studied. A historical control group of 128 consecutive infra-renal AAA patients (2003 to 2007) was identified for comparison. Comparative analysis of demographic and outcome data for CPET-pass (AT ≥ 11 ml/kg/min), CPET-fail (AT < 11 ml/kg/min) and CPET-submaximal (no AT generated) subgroups with control subjects was performed. Primary outcomes included 30-day mortality, survival and length of stay (LOS); secondary outcomes were non-operative inpatient costs. Results: Of 230 subjects, 188 underwent CPET: CPET-pass n = 131, CPET-fail n = 35 and CPET-submaximal n = 22. When compared to the controls, CPET-pass patients exhibited reduced median total LOS (10 vs 13 days for open surgery, n = 74, P < 0.01 and 4 vs 6 days for EVAR, n = 29, P < 0.05), intensive therapy unit requirement (3 vs 4 days for open repair only, P < 0.001), non-operative costs (£5,387 vs £9,634 for open repair, P < 0.001) and perioperative mortality (2.7% vs 12.6% (odds ratio: 0.19) for open repair only, P < 0.05). CPET-stratified (open/endovascular) patients exhibited a mid-term survival benefit (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In this retrospective cohort study, a pre-operative AT > 11 ml/kg/min was associated with reduced perioperative mortality (open cases only), LOS, survival and inpatient costs (open and endovascular repair) for elective infra-renal AAA surgery

Die häufigsten Namenelemente der Toponymie von Võrumaa im südestnischen Sprachgebiet

Ich verwende in meiner Analyse das sog. syntaktisch-semantische Modell der Namenstruktur, das von der Syntax des wirklichen Benennungsakts eines Objekts ausgeht. Dieses Modell wurde von Kiviniemi schon im Werk Paikannimien rakennetyypeistä [Über die Strukturtypen der Ortsnamen] (1975) ausgearbeitet. In der estnischen Ortsnamenforschung gab es bisher noch kein Beispiel für die Analyse der Namenelemente unter konsequenter Verwendung des syntaktisch-semantischen Modells (vgl. Pall 1977, 1997; Kallasmaa 2000, 2003).&nbsp; In Kapitel 2 wird eine Übersicht über die Materialsammlung und deren Eigenart gegeben. In Kapitel 3 werden die häufigsten appellativischen Grundglieder der võruischen Toponymik behandelt. Am umfangreichsten ist das Kapitel 4, das die häufigsten Bestimmungsglieder der võruischen Toponymik lexikalsemantisch klassifiziert und, soweit möglich, über die dominierende Motivation der lexikalischen Wahl berichtet.&nbsp

The United Kingdom EVAR Trial Investigators. Endovascular Repair of Aortic Aneurysm in Patients Physically Ineligible for Open Repair

Background Few data are available on the long-term outcome of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm as compared with open repair. Methods From 1999 through 2004 at 37 hospitals in the United Kingdom, we randomly assigned 1252 patients with large abdominal aortic aneurysms (≥5.5 cm in diameter) to undergo either endovascular or open repair; 626 patients were assigned to each group. Patients were followed for rates of death, graft-related complications, reinterventions, and resource use until the end of 2009. Logistic regression and Cox regression were used to compare outcomes in the two groups. Results The 30-day operative mortality was 1.8% in the endovascular-repair group and 4.3% in the open-repair group (adjusted odds ratio for endovascular repair as compared with open repair, 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18 to 0.87; P=0.02). The endovascular-repair group had an early benefit with respect to aneurysm-related mortality, but the benefit was lost by the end of the study, at least partially because of fatal endograft ruptures (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.49; P=0.73). By the end of follow-up, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the rate of death from any cause (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.23; P=0.72). The rates of graft-related complications and reinterventions were higher with endovascular repair, and new complications occurred up to 8 years after randomization, contributing to higher overall costs. Conclusions In this large, randomized trial, endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm was associated with a significantly lower operative mortality than open surgical repair. However, no differences were seen in total mortality or aneurysm-related mortality in the long term. Endovascular repair was associated with increased rates of graft-related complications and reinterventions and was more costly. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN55703451.

Läänemeresoome mAs-isikunimed

Artikkel käsitleb läänemeresoome ajaloolisi isikunimesid, mille lõpus on nimeformant (sufiks) -mas või -mäs (ühine tähistus -mAs) Antakse ülevaade, milliseid mAs-nimesid ja ka muid mVs-nimesid on allikatest leitud. Püstitatakse hüpotees, et kirjapiltidega -mes ja -meß esindatud isikunimed ei sisalda järelosisena sõna mees, nagu mitmed uurijad varem on väitnud. Analüüsitakse mVs-lõpuliste isikunimede võimalikku hääldust keskalamsaksa ortograafia ja tekstinäidete taustal. Käsitletakse mAs-sufiksi võimalikku päritolu ja jälgi läänemeresoome keeltes. Vaatluse all on ka mAs-isikunimede tüübi mõju järgnenud kristlikele laennimedele ja seosed tänapäeva eesnimedega. Eesti kohanimede vanades dokumendikujudes esinevat lõppu -mas või -mes on samuti vaadeldud. Selle tüübiga seoses pakutakse välja selged isikunimejuhtumid Ihamaru ja Viimsi, analüüsitakse jätkuvalt lahtise etümoloogiaga nime Teilma ja juhitakse tähelepanu mõnedele teistelegi tänapäeval ma-lõpulistele nimedele. Abstract. Evar Saar: Finnic personal names with the suffix -mAs. This article addresses Finnic pre-Christian personal names which ended with the suffix -mas or -mäs (joint marking -mAs). An overview of which mAs-names and also mVs-names have been found in the sources is provided. A hypothesis is formulated that personal names represented by spellings -mes and -meß do not contain the word mees ‘man’ as the second component, as many researchers have claimed. Such spellings have been found in the names of Estonians and Livonians from medieval Livonia. The possible pronunciation of personal names ending in mVs are analysed in the context of Middle Low German orthography and text samples. Written mes-endings in personal names link, on the one hand, with the phenomenon that in preserving the Finnic vowel harmony, the letter -e was the main presentation of the Finnic sound -ä. This enables such interpretations as, for example, Melemes (*Meelemäs). At the same time, vowel harmony was disappearing in medieval North Estonian language which means that -ä in successive syllables was still replaced with a. Another and more important tendency characterising spellings with Middle Low German background is the perception of most vowels in successive syllables in a reduced form and writing them by e. Finnic suffix mAs has been interpreted on the example of Ihama and Ihamas by Päivi Rintala. Rintala considers the short suffix mA primary, which has especially functioned as individualising the object. mAs personal names are alive in modern Estonian in a Christian first name Toomas with an accidentally similar end structure and in a new first name Urmas created by Julius Mägiste. First name Armas ( Estonian meaning ‘lovely’) that is widespread in Finland and the historical Ihamas recommended by Mägiste have not become popular in Estonia

Comparative analysis of the outcomes of elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in England and Sweden.

BACKGROUND: There is substantial international variation in mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair; many non-operative factors influence risk-adjusted outcomes. This study compared 90-day and 5-year mortality for patients undergoing elective AAA repair in England and Sweden. METHODS: Patients were identified from English Hospital Episode Statistics and the Swedish Vascular Registry between 2003 and 2012. Ninety-day mortality and 5-year survival were compared after adjustment for age and sex. Separate within-country analyses were performed to examine the impact of co-morbidity, hospital teaching status and hospital annual caseload. RESULTS: The study included 36 249 patients who had AAA treatment in England, with a median age of 74 (i.q.r. 69-79) years, of whom 87·2 per cent were men. There were 7806 patients treated for AAA in Sweden, with a median of age 73 (68-78) years, of whom 82·9 per cent were men. Ninety-day mortality rates were poorer in England than in Sweden (5·0 versus 3·9 per cent respectively; P < 0·001), but were not significantly different after 2007. Five-year survival was poorer in England (70·5 versus 72·8 per cent; P < 0·001). Use of EVAR was initially lower in England, but surpassed that in Sweden after 2010. In both countries, poor outcome was associated with increased age. In England, institutions with higher operative annual volume had lower mortality rates. CONCLUSION: Mortality for elective AAA repair was initially poorer in England than Sweden, but improved over time alongside greater uptake of EVAR, and now there is no difference. Centres performing a greater proportion of EVAR procedures achieved better results in England

PELATIHAN PENGOLAHAN MANGGA OFF GRADE MENJADI PRODUK OLAHAN SIRUP SEBAGAI SOLUSI DIVERSIFIKASI PANGAN BAGI KWT KEMBANG MEKAR KOTA PAREPARE

Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil mangga tropis terbesar di Asia Tenggara, namun kontribusinya terhadap ekspor nasional masih rendah akibat rendahnya mutu buah, khususnya buah off grade yang tidak memenuhi standar pasar segar. Buah mangga off grade kerap dibuang dan menjadi limbah organik, padahal masih memiliki kandungan gizi tinggi serta potensi ekonomis jika diolah. Di Kota Parepare, Sulawesi Selatan, kondisi serupa terjadi, di mana pemanfaatan buah mangga off grade masih terbatas. Melalui kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat, dilakukan pelatihan kepada Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) Kembang Mekar sebagai mitra strategis dalam meningkatkan keterampilan pengolahan pascapanen. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan partisipatif melalui observasi, analisis kebutuhan, perencanaan pelatihan, serta pelaksanaan pelatihan teknis pembuatan sirup mangga. Materi pelatihan mencakup seleksi bahan, proses pemasakan, penggunaan bahan tambahan seperti gula dan asam sitrat, hingga teknik pengemasan sesuai prinsip sanitasi pangan. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan anggota KWT dalam memanfaatkan buah mangga off grade menjadi sirup yang layak konsumsi dan bernilai jual. Selain itu, kegiatan ini mendorong kesadaran akan pentingnya pengurangan limbah pangan dan diversifikasi pangan berbasis potensi lokal. Kegiatan ini juga memicu munculnya ide usaha mikro berbasis produk olahan mangga. Kesimpulannya, pelatihan ini berhasil meningkatkan kapasitas mitra dalam pengolahan pangan, memperkuat ekonomi keluarga, dan mendukung praktik pertanian berkelanjutan di tingkat rumah tangga