Is 8:30 a.m. Still Too Early to Start School? A 10:00 a.m. School Start Time Improves Health and Performance of Students Aged 13-16.

While many studies have shown the benefits of later school starts, including better student attendance, higher test scores, and improved sleep duration, few have used starting times later than 9:00 a.m. Here we report on the implementation and impact of a 10 a.m. school start time for 13 to 16-year-old students. A 4-year observational study using a before-after-before (A-B-A) design was carried out in an English state-funded high school. School start times were changed from 8:50 a.m. in study year 0, to 10 a.m. in years 1-2, and then back to 8:50 a.m. in year 3. Measures of student health (absence due to illness) and academic performance (national examination results) were used for all students. Implementing a 10 a.m. start saw a decrease in student illness after 2 years of over 50% (p < 0.0005 and effect size: Cohen's d = 1.07), and reverting to an 8:50 a.m. start reversed this improvement, leading to an increase of 30% in student illness (p < 0.0005 and Cohen's d = 0.47). The 10:00 a.m. start was associated with a 12% increase in the value-added number of students making good academic progress (in standard national examinations) that was significant (<0.0005) and equivalent to 20% of the national benchmark. These results show that changing to a 10:00 a.m. high school start time can greatly reduce illness and improve academic performance. Implementing school start times later than 8:30 a.m., which may address the circadian delay in adolescents' sleep rhythms more effectively for evening chronotypes, appears to have few costs and substantial benefits

Economic Development and Happiness: Evidence from 32 Nations

Drawing on reference group, relative deprivation, conspicuous consumption and hierarchy of needs theories, this paper tests the hypothesis that goods (material and other) bring more satisfaction if few other people have them. We test this hypothesis by estimating the effect of education and income on happiness in large representative national samples from 32 nations at various levels of economic development. The results indicate that, net of individuals’ socio-demographic characteristics and country’s level of development, the higher the average education in a given society, the smaller the gain from advanced education on individuals’ happiness. Similarly, the richer the society, the less do gains in family income confer gains in individuals’ happiness. Thus, the more that goods such as education and income diffuse through a society, the less they enhance people’s subjective well-being. However, the nation’s level of economic development has a strong, independent positive effect on well-being. Taken together, the quantitative implication of these patterns is that economic growth enhances well-being, especially for poor people, and more so in poor nations than in rich nations

Deep Sequencing to Reveal Phylo-Geographic Relationships of Juquitiba Virus in Paraguay

Several hantaviruses result in zoonotic infections of significant public health concern, causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Old and New World, respectively. Given a 35% case fatality rate, disease-causing New World hantaviruses require a greater understanding of their biology, genetic diversity, and geographical distribution. Juquitiba hantaviruses have been identified in Oligoryzomys nigripes in Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Brazil has reported the most HCPS cases associated with this virus. We used a multiplexed, amplicon-based PCR strategy to screen and deep-sequence the virus harbored within lung tissues collected from Oligoryzomys species during rodent field collections in southern (Itapúa) and western (Boquerón) Paraguay. No Juquitiba-like hantaviruses were identified in Boquerón. Herein, we report the full-length S and M segments of the Juquitiba hantaviruses identified in Paraguay from O. nigripes. We also report the phylogenetic relationships of the Juquitiba hantaviruses in rodents collected from Itapúa with those previously collected in Canindeyú. We showed, using the TN93 nucleotide substitution model, the coalescent (constant-size) population tree model, and Bayesian inference implemented in the Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees (BEAST) framework, that the Juquitiba virus lineage in Itapúa is distinct from that in Canindeyú. Our spatiotemporal analysis showed significantly different time to the most recent ancestor (TMRA) estimates between the M and S segments, but a common geographic origin. Our estimates suggest the additional geographic diversity of the Juquitiba virus within the Interior Atlantic Forest and highlight the need for more extensive sampling across this biome

International Social Survey Programme: Social Inequality I - ISSP 1987

The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuous programme of cross-national collaboration running annual surveys on topics important for the social sciences. The programme started in 1984 with four founding members - Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States – and has now grown to almost 50 member countries from all over the world. As the surveys are designed for replication, they can be used for both, cross-national and cross-time comparisons. Each ISSP module focuses on a specific topic, which is repeated in regular time intervals. Please, consult the documentation for details on how the national ISSP surveys are fielded. The present study focuses on questions about social inequality.Most important reasons for social advancement (scale); judgement on equal opportunities in the Federal Republic; attitude to the necessity for significant wage differences; attitude to social differences (scale); estimated gross income of selected occupational groups and personal ideas about a fair gross income for these occupational groups; attitude to the country´s income differences and to various duties of the welfare state (scale); judgement on the current tax burden for different income classes; attitude to a higher tax burden for higher income groups; judgement on strength of contrasts or conflicts between various social groups in the country; self-assessment of social class (scale and 5-layer class division); social origins; time worked each week; position as a superior; union membership; employment and occupation of spouse; sex as well as month and year of birth of all members of the household; party preference.Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu sozialer Ungleichheit.Wichtigste Gründe für sozialen Aufstieg (Skala); Beurteilung der Chancengleichheit in der Bundesrepublik; Einstellung zur Notwendigkeit größerer Unterschiede in der Entlohnung; Einstellung zu sozialen Unterschieden (Skala); geschätzte Bruttoeinkommen ausgewählter Berufsgruppen und eigene Vorstellungen über einen gerechten Bruttoverdienst für diese Berufssparten; Einstellung zu den Einkommensunterschieden im Lande und zu verschiedenen Aufgaben des Sozialstaats (Skala); Beurteilung der derzeitigen Steuerbelastung für unterschiedliche Einkommensklassen; Einstellung zu einer höheren Steuerlast für höhere Einkommensgruppen; Beurteilung der Stärke von Gegensätzen bzw. Konflikten zwischen verschiedenen sozialen Gruppen im Lande; Selbsteinschätzung der sozialen Schichtzugehörigkeit (Skalometer und 5-stufige Schichteinteilung); soziale Herkunft; Wochenarbeitszeit; Stellung als Vorgesetzter; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Erwerbstätigkeit und Beruf des Ehepartners; Geschlecht sowie Geburtsmonat und Geburtsjahr aller Haushaltsmitglieder; Parteipräferenz

Exploring Gender Differences in Veterans in a Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness for Chronic Pain

Background: Although studies have documented higher rates of chronic pain among women Veterans compared to men Veterans, there remains a lack of comprehensive information about potential contributors to these disparities. Materials and Methods: This study examined gender differences in chronic pain and its contributors among 419 men and 392 women Veterans, enrolled in a mindfulness trial for chronic pain. We conducted descriptive analyses summarizing distributions of baseline measures, obtained by survey and through the electronic health record. Comparisons between genders were conducted using chi-square tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous measures. Results: Compared to men, women Veterans were more likely to have chronic overlapping pain conditions and had higher levels of pain interference and intensity. Women had higher prevalence of psychiatric and sleep disorder diagnoses, greater levels of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, fatigue, sleep disturbance, stress and pain catastrophizing, and lower levels of pain self-efficacy and participation in social roles and activities. However, women were less likely to smoke or have a substance abuse disorder and used more nonpharmacological pain treatment modalities. Conclusion: Among Veterans seeking treatment for chronic pain, women differed from men in their type of pain, had greater pain intensity and interference, and had greater prevalence and higher levels of many known biopsychosocial contributors to pain. Results point to the need for pain treatment that addresses the comprehensive needs of women Veterans. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT04526158. Patient enrollment began on December 4, 2020

Transcriptomic evidence of immune activation in macroscopically normal-appearing and scarred lung tissues in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

•Macroscopically normal tissue in IPF patients is profoundly involved in the disease.•Immune activation is overt in normal-appearing and scarred tissue in IPF lungs.•Differences between normal-appearing and scarred tissue involve mostly epithelium. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease manifested by overtly scarred peripheral and basilar regions and more normal-appearing central lung areas. Lung tissues from macroscopically normal-appearing (IPFn) and scarred (IPFs) areas of explanted IPF lungs were analyzed by RNASeq and compared with healthy control (HC) lung tissues. There were profound transcriptomic changes in IPFn compared with HC tissues, which included elevated expression of numerous immune-, inflammation-, and extracellular matrix-related mRNAs, and these changes were similar to those observed with IPFs compared to HC. Comparing IPFn directly to IPFs, elevated expression of epithelial mucociliary mRNAs was observed in the IPFs tissues. Thus, despite the known geographic tissue heterogeneity in IPF, the entire lung is actively involved in the disease process, and demonstrates pronounced elevated expression of numerous immune-related genes. Differences between normal-appearing and scarred tissues may thus be driven by deranged epithelial homeostasis or possibly non-transcriptomic factors

International Social Survey Programme: Family and Changing Gender Roles III - ISSP 2002

Family and gender roles. Topics: attitude towards employment of mothers and married women; roledistribution of man and woman in occupation and household; preferredextent of employment for women during different stages of childraising; attitudes towards marriage, single-parenting, cohabitationbefore marriage, and divorce; views on the significance of children inlife; views on paid maternity leave and on financial aid for workingparents; management of income in marriage or partnership; allocation ofduties in the household and in family matters; time budget forhousekeeping and sharing of housekeeping for both partners; frequencyof disagreement about the sharing of housekeeping; decision making inmatters of child raising, weekend activities and buying major thingsfor home; principal earner (partner with higher income); stress causedby family, work and household duties (scale); estimation of generalpersonal happiness; satisfaction with employment situation and familylife; employment of mother during childhood of respondent; employmentin various phases of child raising. Demography: sex; age, marital status; living together with a partner;years of school education and highest education level (degree); countryspecific education; current employment status; working hours per week;occupation (ISCO-88); working in private or public sector; occupationalself-employment and number of employees; supervising function at work;size of household; composition of household; highest education level(degree) of spouse / partner; current employment status of spouse /partner; occupation of spouse (ISCO-88); working hours per week ofspouse; spouse employed in public service; union membership;respondent`s earnings; family income; party affiliation (left-right);party affiliation (country specific) and election behaviour; religiousdenomination; attendance of religious services; self-placement on atop-bottom-scale. Also encoded was: region (country specific); urban-ruralself-assessment; size of community (country specific); ethnic identity;mode of data collection; weighting factor

International Social Survey Programme: Family and Changing Gender Roles III - ISSP 2002

The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuous programme of cross-national collaboration running annual surveys on topics important for the social sciences. The programme started in 1984 with four founding members - Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States – and has now grown to almost 50 member countries from all over the world. As the surveys are designed for replication, they can be used for both, cross-national and cross-time comparisons. Each ISSP module focuses on a specific topic, which is repeated in regular time intervals. Please, consult the documentation for details on how the national ISSP surveys are fielded. The present study focuses on questions about family and changing gender roles.Attitude towards employment of mothers and married women; role distribution of man and woman in occupation and household; preferred extent of employment for women during different stages of child raising; attitudes towards marriage, single-parenting, cohabitation before marriage, and divorce; views on the significance of children in life; views on paid maternity leave and on financial aid for working parents; management of income in marriage or partnership; allocation of duties in the household and in family matters; time budget for housekeeping and sharing of housekeeping for both partners; frequency of disagreement about the sharing of housekeeping; decision making in matters of child raising, weekend activities and buying major things for home; principal earner (partner with higher income); stress caused by family, work and household duties (scale); estimation of general personal happiness; satisfaction with employment situation and family life; employment of mother during childhood of respondent; employment in various phases of child raising. Demography: sex; age, marital status; living together with a partner; years of school education and highest education level (degree); country specific education; current employment status; working hours per week; occupation (ISCO-88); working in private or public sector; occupational self-employment and number of employees; supervising function at work; size of household; composition of household; highest education level (degree) of spouse / partner; current employment status of spouse / partner; occupation of spouse (ISCO-88); working hours per week of spouse; spouse employed in public service; union membership; respondent`s earnings; family income; party affiliation (left-right); party affiliation (country specific) and election behaviour; religious denomination; attendance of religious services; self-placement on a top-bottom-scale. Also encoded was: region (country specific); urban-rural self-assessment; size of community (country specific); ethnic identity; mode of data collection; weighting factor.Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu Familie und dem Wandel von Geschlechterrollen.Einstellung zur Berufstätigkeit von Müttern und verheirateten Frauen; Rollenverteilung von Mann und Frau in Beruf und Haushalt; präferierter Umfang der Berufsausübung von Frauen während verschiedener Phasen der Kindererziehung; Einstellungen zu Ehe, Alleinerziehenden, Zusammenleben vor der Ehe und Scheidung; Ansichten zur Bedeutung von Kindern für das Leben; Einstellung zu Mutterschaftsurlaub und Kindergeld; Einkommensverwaltung in der Ehe bzw. Partnerschaft; Aufgabenteilung im Haushalt und in der Familie; wöchentliches Zeitbudget für Arbeiten im Haushalt für beide Partner; Häufigkeit von Meinungsverschiedenheiten wegen der Arbeiten im Haushalt; Entscheidungsgewalt in der Kindererziehung; Entscheidungsgewalt bei Freizeitaktivitäten und Anschaffungen für den Haushalt; Hauptverdiener (Partner mit höherem Einkommen); Belastung durch Familie, Arbeit, Hausarbeit (Skala); persönliche Glückseinschätzung; Zufriedenheit mit Beruf und Familie; Berufstätigkeit der Mutter während der Kindheit des Befragten; Erwerbstätigkeit in verschiedenen Phasen der Kindererziehung. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Familienstand; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Dauer der Schulbildung; höchster Bildungsabschluss; Bildung (länderspezifisch); Erwerbstätigkeit; wöchentliche Arbeitszeit; Beruf (ISCO-88); Beschäftigung im öffentlichen Dienst; Anzahl der Angestellten (bei Selbstständigen); Vorgesetztenfunktion; Haushaltsgröße, Zusammensetzung des Haushaltes; Erwerbstätigkeit des Partners; Beruf des Partners (ISCO-88); Wochenarbeitszeit des Partners; höchster Bildungsabschluss des Partners; Beschäftigung des Partners im öffentlichen Dienst; Gewerkschaftsmitglied; Einkommen des Befragten; Haushaltseinkommen; Parteipräferenz (links-rechts); Parteipräferenz (länderspezifisch) und Wahlverhalten bei der letzten Wahl; Religionszugehörigkeit; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Selbsteinschätzung auf einer Oben-Unten-Skala. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Ortsgröße (länderspezifisch); Urbanisierungsgrad; Ortsgröße (länderspezifisch); Nationalität, ethnische Zugehörigkeit; Erhebungsmethode; Gewichtungsfaktor