Indígenas en la prensa mexicana en el contexto preelectoral de fines del foxismo

This paper presents the results of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of 189 news articles related to the indigenous population and published in fifteen Mexican newspapers during June and July 2005. The original aim was to identify traces of exclusion and discrimination against the indigenous population in the press, considering that journalistic discourse is a discourse of power capable of playing an important role in the reproduction of racist stereotypes. During the analysis, another element was clearly revealed: amidst a context marked by increasing political turmoil (which would eventually end in the presidential election in July 2006), the indigenous population of Mexico, their demands, their claims, their needs, were incorporated into the public agenda to create a favorable image of the political actors involved in the struggle to obtain the presidency.Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de un corpus conformado por 189 notas periodísticas referidas a población indígena, publicadas entre los meses de junio y julio de 2005, en quince diarios mexicanos. El objetivo inicial era detectar huellas de exclusión y de discriminación hacia los indígenas en el discurso periodístico, entendido como un discurso del poder que, como tal, desempeña un papel importante en la reproducción de estereotipos racistas. Conforme avanzó el análisis, otro elemento se hizo evidente: a la luz de un contexto marcado por la creciente efervescencia electoral (que detonaría en la campaña por la presidencia, en julio de 2006), la población indígena de México, sus demandas, sus reivindicaciones, sus necesidades, fueron incorporados en la agenda pública como elementos para crear una imagen favorable de los actores políticos involucrados en la contienda por la presidencia.Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa de um corpus constituído de 189 artigos publicados entre os meses de junho e julho de 2005 em quinze jornais mexicanos com referências à população indígena. O objetivo inicial era detectar marcas de exclusão e discriminação em relação aos indígenas no discurso jornalístico, entendido como um discurso do poder que, como tal, desempenha um papel importante na reprodução de estereótipos racistas. Conforme avançou a análise, contudo, outro elemento tornou-se evidente: à luz de um contexto marcado pela crescente efervescência electoral (que culminaria na campanha presidencial, em julho de 2006), a população indígena do México, suas demandas, suas reivindicações e suas necessidades foram incorporadas à agenda pública como elementos para criar uma imagem favorável dos atores políticos envolvidos na disputa pela presidência

Bacterial carbon demand and growth efficiency in a coastal upwelling system

Eleven culture experiments were conducted in the coastal upwelling ­system of the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula) by inoculating GF/C filtrated (10%) in 0.2 µm filtrated (90%) surface seawater collected under contrasting hydrographic conditions. Short-term (4 d) laboratory incubations were performed in the dark at 15°C. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, bacterial biomass (BB), bacterial production (BP) and electron transport system (ETS) activity were then monitored to: (1) study the course of bacterial carbon demand (BCD) and growth efficiency (BGE) during the incubation period; and (2) determine how BCD and BGE were linked with changing environmental conditions. Following the 4 d incubation, BP decreased by <4 times its initial values (range from 3 to 11 times) and ETS activity increased by 6 times its initial values (range from 1 to 75 times). As a result, BCD increased by 5 times (range from 1 to 16 times) and the BGE decreased by 15 times (range from 2 to 55 times) over the same period. BGE integrated over the 4 d incubation period ranged from 7 ± 1% to 55 ± 11% (mean ± SD: 27 ± 15%); integrated BGE increased significantly (R2 = 0.64, p < 0.003) with the initial concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and decreased significantly (R2 = 0.55, p < 0.01) with the C:N ratio of the bioavailable dissolved organic matter (BDOM). A multiple linear regression with DIN and the C:N ratio of BDOM explained 89% of the observed variability in the integrated BGE, demonstrating the strong dependence of growth efficiency on nutrient conditions and the quality of the organic substrate feeding the community of this coastal embayment.This study was funded by fellowships to C.L. from the early-stage training site ECOSUMMER (MESTCT-2004-020501) and the Carlsberg Foundation.Peer reviewe

Effects of the photochemical transformation of dissolved organic matter on bacterial physiology and diversity in a coastal system

8 páginas, 2 tablas, 1 figuraThe effect of solar radiation on dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the subsequent impact of photo-altered DOM on bacterial activity and community structure were assessed during two experiments in the coastal system of the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula). After exposure of 0.2 μm filtered seawater for 3.5 days to dark and full sunlight, an inoculum of the bacterial community collected at the same time as the exposed water was added and the mixture was incubated for 4 days in the dark at 15 °C. Changes in bacterial production (BP), diversity (assessed by Fluorescence in situ hybridization) and electron transport system (ETS) activity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) and DOM humic-like absorption and fluorescence were followed. The exposure to sunlight had no effect on DOM concentrations while an average (±SD) decrease in DOM humic fluorescence of 45 ± 10% was found. The incubations with photo-altered DOM had lower BP (57 ± 11%), ETS (42 ± 9%) and bacterial carbon demand (BCD) (42 ± 8%) compared with the dark incubations, while bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) was unaffected. This suggests that DOM photo-alteration had a negative effect on bacterial metabolism in the study system. The bacterial growth on irradiated DOM resulted in a significant enrichment of the Gammaproteobacteria group compared with the dark control, indicating that solar exposure of DOM led to rapid changes in the bacterial community composition of the Ría de Vigo.This study was funded by fellowships to C.L from the early stage training site ECOSUMMER (MEST-CT-2004-020501) and the Carlsberg FoundationPeer reviewe

Fotodegradação de esparfloxacino e isolamento de seus produtos de degradação utilizando CLAE

Sparfloxacin, a third generation fluoroquinolone derivative,is a potent antibacterial agent active against a wide range ofGram-positive and Gram-negative organisms including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillinresistant S. aureus, Legionella spp., Mycoplasma spp.,Chlamydia spp. and Mycobacterium spp. A drawback offluoroquinolones is their photoreactivity. Sparfloxacin hasbeen studied in terms of therapeutic activities. However, the reare few published of analytical methods being applied tosparfloxacin. The aim in this study was to determine the photodegradation products of sparfloxacin, when submittedto UV light, and to characterize two of these products,designated SPAX-PDP1 and SPAX-PDP2. An acceleratedstudy of stability in methanol solution was carried out byexposing a solution of sparfloxacin to UV light (peakwavelength 290 nm) for 36 hours at room temperature. Theproducts were analyzed by NMR spectrophotometry, IR spectrometry and mass spectrophotometry. The result ssuggest that the products isolated here could be used toestimate the degradation of sparfloxacin in a stability study. However, the low activity exhibited by UV-irradiated sparfloxacin is a source of concern that demands further investigation of the mechanism of its photodegradation mechanism.Esparfloxacino, fluorquinolona de terceira geração, é umpotente agente antibacteriano ativo contra Gram-positivos eGram-negativos, incluindo Streptococcus pneumoniae,Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus meticilina resistentes,Legionella spp., Mycoplasma spp., Chlamydia spp. eMycobacterium spp. Um aspecto importante dasfluorquinolonas é sua fotoinstabilidade. O esparfloxacino temsido amplamente estudado em termos de atividadesterapêuticas. Entretanto, poucos relatos a respeito de métodosanalíticos para esta quinolona são disponíveis na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a fotoestabilidadede esparfloxacino submetido à luz UV, bem como caracterizar dois produtos, codificados como SPAX-PDP1 e SPAX-PDP2. Um estudo acelerado de estabilidade foi realizado submetendo-se o esparfloxacino a luz UV (comprimento de onda 290 nm) durante 36 horas em temperatura ambiente. Os resultados foram analisados por espectrofotômetro de massas, de RMN de 1H e de 13C e espectrometria na região de infravermelho. Os resultados sugerem que os produtos isolados podem ser usados para determinar a degradação de esparfloxacino em estudos de fotoestabilidade. No entanto, abaixa atividade do esparfloxacino submetido à luz UV demonstra a necessidade de investigações a respeito do mecanismo de fotodegradação deste fármaco

La anticorrupción como corrupción: contradicciones y complejos ideológicos en la política mexicana

A partir de la perspectiva de la semiótica social y de los estudios del discurso, se examina el papel de las contradicciones en los complejos ideológicos. El estudio de caso es el acto encabezado, en julio de 2016, por el entonces presidente de México, Enrique Peña Nieto, quien, luego de una crítica popular sin precedentes en torno a la corrupción, promulgó el Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción y, simultáneamente, pidió perdón por su actuación. Además de hacer un análisis semiótico del escenario y de los discursos pronunciados durante la ceremonia (a partir de formas macro-sintagmáticas y de un análisis lingüístico puntual), se hizo un análisis multimodal de las primeras planas de ocho diarios mexicanos publicados al día siguiente. Combinamos el concepto del complejo ideológico con el del ver como de Ludwig Wittgenstein (ejemplificado con la figura del pato-conejo), para explicar las contradicciones, exponer las estrategias discursivas e identificar puntos vulnerables en el discurso de la corrupción y la anticorrupción en México

Risk of tuberculosis in patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases treated with biologics and tofacitinib: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and long-term extension studies

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the risk of active tuberculosis (TB) in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases treated with biologics and tofacitinib in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and long-term extension (LTE) studies. METHODS: A systematic review of the English-language literature by was performed by searching the Medline, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Knowledge databases. The search strategy focused on synonyms of diseases, biologics and tofacitinib. Data from RCTs were combined to assess the rate of TB using a random effects model. The incidence rate (IR) of TB and its association with disease, location and treatment were assessed in LTE studies. RESULTS: The search captured 11 130 articles and abstracts. One-hundred RCTs (75 000 patients) and 63 LTE studies (80 774.45 patient-years) met the inclusion criteria. There were 31 TB cases with TNF inhibitors, 1 with abatacept and none with rituximab, tocilizumab, ustekinumab or tofacitinib. The odds ratio for TNF inhibitors was 1.92 (95% CI 0.91, 4.03, P = 0.085). In LTE studies, the IR of TB was >40/100 000 with tofacitinib and all biologics except rituximab. IR was higher in RA patients with anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies [307.71 (95% CI 184.79, 454.93)] than in those with rituximab [20.0 (95% CI 0.10, 60)] and etanercept [67.58 (95% CI 12.1, 163.94)] or AS, PsA and psoriasis with etanercept [60.01 (95% CI 3.6, 184.79)]. The IR of TB was higher in high-background TB areas. CONCLUSION: RCTs are not sensitive enough to assess the risk of reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI). Disease, treatment and background TB rate are associated with different frequencies of active TB. The benefit/risk balance of preventing reactivation of LTBI in different backgrounds should be considered in clinical practice

LA GESTIÓN ESTRATÉGICA DE LA COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL PARA EL DESARROLLO LOCAL EN EL CONTEXTO DE LA ECONOMÍA CUBANA

En Cuba persisten insuficiencias relacionadas con el enfoque estratégico y la eficacia en la gestión estratégica de la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (CID), como alternativa de financiamiento en los municipios. El trabajo que se presenta tiene como objetivo: Elaborar un procedimiento metodológico para la Gestión de la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo Local que asegure el enfoque estratégico y la eficacia de ésta en el contexto de la economía cubana. La novedad científica de la investigación radica en la concepción del procedimiento metodológico sustentado en principios, que ofrece una variante de cómo gestionar la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo Local con enfoque estratégico y lograr una mayor eficacia en el uso y destino de la fuente de financiamiento en el contexto cubano, a partir de la identificación del potencial de desarrollo municipal asociado a dicha cooperación, su gestión y eficacia. La propuesta no tiene antecedentes, por lo que constituye un punto de partida para perfeccionar la gestión de los gobiernos locales de la provincia y país con un nuevo enfoque teórico, metodológico y práctico que rebasa los enfoques tradicionales del desarrollo y la cooperación internacional. Los resultados obtenidos con esta investigación se validan para el municipio Majibacoa de la provincia Las Tunas lográndose el perfeccionamiento de la gestión y un impacto económico que supera el millón de pesos convertibles

Diagnóstico del desarrollo social en los municipios de la provincia Camagüey

Las estrategias de desarrollo municipal requieren de un proceso lógico cuyo punto de partida es el diagnóstico, el cual constituye el instrumento metodológico que permite fundamentar las decisiones sobre los aspectos fundamentales del desarrollo y orientar hacia dónde dirigir las acciones en orden de prioridad, tanto en lo económico como en lo social. De ahí que el objetivo general de esta investigación es proponer un procedimiento metodológico para el diagnóstico del desarrollo social que contribuya a la fundamentación de las estrategias correspondientes en los municipios de la provincia Camagüey. Para su alcance se utilizaron los siguientes métodos de investigación: el método lógico-abstracto para la fundamentación teórica del problema a abordar, el método análisis-síntesis, utilizado en las etapas del diagnóstico. Y para determinar las variables sociales, así como la medición del desarrollo social a partir de estas, se aplicaron técnicas de la estadística multivariada como el análisis por componentes principales y análisis clúster. Entre los principales resultados, se obtuvieron cinco variables sociales estratégicas a partir de los indicadores sociales seleccionados, las mismas permitieron obtener índices parciales que se sintetizaron el Índice de desarrollo social, y a partir de los valores alcanzados en ellos se clasificaron los municipios en cuatro niveles: muy bajo, bajo, medio y alto