The Consistency of Charitable Behaviour and Its Fund Raising Implications

This paper tries to take an initial step toward a deeper understanding of the differences and similarities between corporate, individual and 1% philanthropy. Though both corporate and individual giving have a huge international literature (e.g. Adam 2004; Archambault & Boumendi 1998; Burlingame 1997, 2001; Halfpenny 1999; Schervish & Haven, 1997; Wang & Graddy 2008; Zamagni,1995) and 1% philanthropy is also discussed by several, mainly Eastern European authors (e.g. Bódi 2001; Chano 2008; Gerencsér & Oprics 2007; Török & Moss 2004; Vajda & Kuti 2002), the connections between these different kinds of philanthropic activities have not yet been scrutinized. Correspondingly, very little attention has been paid to the issues of how third sector organizations could develop an efficient ‘fund raising mix’; how they should combine their efforts to solicit contributions from different kinds of donors. In order to answer these questions, the author takes an interdisciplinary approach; she uses several different types of analytical and statistical methods. The statistical analysis of the donors’ motivation is based on the results of three empirical surveys of individual giving, 1% philanthropy and corporate donations which were carried out in Hungary over the last couple of years. The third sector organizations’ fund raising behaviour is analyzed using both official statistical data (KSH 1998–2008) and information gathered through interviews (Laki & Szalai 2004; T. Puskás 2006) and case studies (Kotler & Lee 2007; Török 2005b). Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) code: D64, M14, L3

Associations et fondations hongroises : Société civile, secteur sans but lucratif ou économie sociale ?

La chute du régime soviétique a ouvert plusieurs voies possibles au développement démocratique en Hongrie. Cet article pointe deux directions majeures des événements, l'une liée à la démocratisation du pays, l'autre à la réforme du système des services publics. Après avoir présenté les données empiriques qui montrent un net développement du secteur à but non lucratif, l'auteur souligne les difficultés à concilier le besoin d'autonomie de la société civile et son besoin du soutien de l'État dans un pays en transition. Elle décrit deux techniques: le système du 1 % et le Fonds civil national, inventées en Hongrie afin de laisser les organisations civiles conserver leur indépendance tout en recevant un financement. Elle analyse aussi le développement de la contractualisation des services publics et le rôle joué par les organisations sans but lucratif dans le développement économique en général et dans la politique de l'emploi en particulier. Ces spécificités du tiers secteur hongrois amènent l'auteur à distinguer une tendance qui semble durer: un mouvement lent du concept de non-lucrativité vers le concept d'économie sociale.The fall of the Soviet regime opened several possible paths to democratic development in Hungary. This article looks at two major trends, one related to the democratization of the country and the other to the reform of public services. The author first presents empirical data clearly showing the growth of the nonprofit sector and then focuses on the difficulty of squaring civil society's need for independence with its need for government support in a country in transition. She describes two instruments: the 1% system and the National Civil Fund, which was invented in Hungary to enable civil society organizations to maintain their independence while also receiving funding. In addition, she analyzes the rise in contracting out public services and the role nonprofit organizations play in economic growth in general and in employment policies in particular. These specific features of the Hungarian third sector lead the author to identify a trend that seems set to last—the gradual shift away from the nonprofit concept and towards the social economy concept

Civic Service - Eastern Europe & Central Asia; Civic Service in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: From Mandatory Public Work Toward Civic Service

Academic article used by the Tracy Martin in preparing training documents.International Labour Organizationpublishe

Organizing Technologies: Genre Forms of Online Civic Association in Eastern Europe

How Do Civic Associations in Eastern Europe Organize Themselves Online? Based on data collected on 1, 585 East European Civil Society Web sites, the authors identify five emergent genres of organizing technologies: newsletters, interactive platforms, multilingual solicitations, directories, and brochures. These clusters do not correspond to stages of development. Moreover, newer Web sites are more likely to be typical of their genre, suggesting that forms are becoming more distinctive. In contrast to the utopian image of a deterritorialized, participatory global civil society, the authors’ examination of the structure of hyperlinks finds that transnational types of Web sites are not inclined to be participatory and vice versa. Whereas other paradigms focus on inequality of users’ online access, the authors probe inequality in the accessibility of Web sites to potential users through search engine technology and show how this varies across different types of civil society Web sites. Keywords: technology; Internet; civil society; Eastern Europe; participation; Web site analysi