Study of evoked responses and brain connectivity during human cognitive activity through direct intracranial recordings

En las últimas décadas, diversos estudios en neurociencias cognitivas han mostrado que los procesos cognitivos dependen de la coordinación dinámica de diversas áreas cerebrales que se acoplan de forma flexible a corta y larga distancia. Desde esta perspectiva, el acto cognitivo ya no depende únicamente de un área cerebral específica, sino que requiere de integración a gran escala de un conjunto de regiones cerebrales. La mayor parte de la evidencia neurocientífica en humanos proviene de estudios que utilizan técnicas de resonancia magnética funcional o electromagnéticas que presentan limitaciones en su resolución temporal y espacial, respectivamente. En este contexto, los registros intracraneales invasivos en humanos presentan una oportunidad única para el estudio de la cognición. Esta técnica posee una resolución espacial del orden de los milímetros y temporal del orden de los milisegundos, tiene una de las mejores relaciones señal/ruido en humanos, y permite evaluar modelos neuroanatómicos y dinámicas temporales precisas de procesos cognitivos fundamentales, como la emoción, el juicio moral, o el lenguaje, entre otros. Asimismo, debido a la robustez de la relación señal/ruido de la técnica, es posible realizar estudios a nivel individual con gran precisión temporoespacial. Es por ello que su aporte a las neurociencias es fundamental. La presente Tesis recurre a esta técnica para combinar métodos clásicos de actividad evocada con el estudio de la conectividad cerebral a gran escala y algoritmos de aprendizaje para estudiar el acoplamiento de redes neuronales en procesos cognitivos clave de la vida cotidiana. Se abordan tres estudios basados en registros invasivos en humanos. En el primero, se investigaron los correlatos cerebrales de una tarea que evalúa el reconocimiento de la 3 intención de daño, un elemento decisivo en la cognición moral. Se encontró que el daño intencional induce actividad temprana (< 200 ms) en la amígdala, con modulaciones que discriminan sistemáticamente entre tipos de situaciones: daño intencional, daño no intencional e interacción no dañina (neutral). Además, los análisis de conectividad mostraron una rápida conexión con regiones prefrontales. Los resultados reflejan la relevancia de la amígdala en la codificación rápida de la intención de dañar, una habilidad crítica para la supervivencia y fundamental en la cognición moral. El segundo estudio se basó en una tarea de reconocimiento de emociones en caras y palabras, dos fenómenos centrales en la interacción social cotidiana. Se analizaron series temporales y métodos de conectividad con el uso de aprendizaje de máquinas estadístico para estudiar cómo el desempeño individual se refleja en la actividad neuronal en una muestra de sujetos con perfiles de desempeño contrastivos. Se mostró que los diferentes perfiles de desempeño se vieron reflejados en su conectividad entre regiones. Este trabajo es una contribución al enfoque de diferencias individuales, una tendencia reciente en el ámbito neurocientífico, que se concentra en estudiar la variabilidad del procesamiento neural a nivel individual. Por último, en el tercer estudio, se utilizaron registros intracraneales y electroencefalográficos para evaluar en qué medida la construcción del sentido semántico está asociada con regiones vinculadas con sistemas multimodales (áreas relacionadas con conceptos abstractos que integran diferentes vías sensoriales) y/o mecanismos corporizados (redes sensoriomotoras específicas para cada modalidad perceptual) involucrados a este proceso. A través de análisis clásicos de oscilaciones junto con aprendizaje automático, se estudió la dinámica de la modulación de estímulos lingüísticos relacionados con partes del rostro (sustantivos como ‘nariz’ y ‘boca’), y la interacción entre los sistemas multimodales y corporizados mediante métodos de conectividad. Se mostró por primera vez que estos estímulos rápidamente modulan marcadores tempranos en regiones de procesamiento de caras (regiones corporizadas), con contribuciones de regiones multimodales, lo cual sugiere que el significado lingüístico depende, en parte, de la reactivación de experiencias sensoriales pertinentes. En su conjunto, los tres estudios de la Tesis brindan aportes directos mediante registros invasivos en humanos para la construcción de modelos de neurociencias cognitivas. Finalmente, los métodos implementados en estos y otros trabajos realizados fueron incluidos en un toolbox propio de análisis de datos. Esta herramienta sirve como un repositorio de métodos con el fin de organizar, reutilizar, compartir y capacitar estudiantes e investigadores de un laboratorio. Si bien está construido con las funciones de los análisis presentados aquí, la principal 4 bondad del toolbox es que es fácilmente extensible y cada laboratorio o grupo de trabajo puede probarlo con sus propios métodos de análisis. Así, la presente Tesis brinda aportes en temáticas relevantes de las neurociencias de registros intracraneales a través de estudios en los que se aplicaron metodologías novedosas, como la conectividad y el aprendizaje automático, contribuyendo además a futuros estudios mediante la creación de una herramienta que facilita y potencia la tarea científica.In recent decades, cognitive neuroscience has shown that cognitive processes rely on dynamic couplings between brain areas over short and long distances. Cognitive events are thus no longer taken to depend solely on a specific region, but rather on the largescale integration of many regions. In human research, most relevant evidence stems from functional magnetic resonance or electromagnetic techniques, marked by limitations in their temporal and spatial resolution, respectively. In this context, invasive intracranial recordings represent a unique opportunity for studying cognition. This technique has a spatial resolution in the order of millimetres and a temporal resolution in the order of milliseconds, alongside one of the best signal-to-noise ratios. Therefore, it is very well suited to evaluating neuroanatomical models and complex temporal dynamics of elemental cognitive domains (e.g., emotion, moral judgement, and language) at the single-subject level. Building on such assets, this thesis relies on intracranial recordings combined with classical evoked activity methods, measures of large-scale brain connectivity, and machine learning approaches to study the coupling of neural networks in key cognitive processes of everyday life. The dissertation comprises three studies. The first one examines neural correlates of the recognition of harmful intentions, a decisive element of moral cognition. Intentional harm induced early amygdalar activity (< 200 ms), with modulations that discriminate among intentional harm, unintentional harm, and neutral actions. Furthermore, connectivity analyses showed a fast coupling with prefrontal regions. These results highlight the key role of the amygdala in the rapid encoding of intentional harm, a critical ability for survival and to moral cognition. The second study assessed emotion recognition in faces and words, two pillars of social interaction. Machine learning algorithms were applied to temporal series data and connectivity coefficients to examine individual signatures of neural activity in subjects with contrastive behavioural performance. The participant’s differential performance profiles were captured by connectivity coefficients. This work represents a contribution to the individual differences approach, a recent neuroscientific trend that focuses on individual neural variability. Lastly, through a combination of intracranial and scalp-level recordings, the third study focused on semantic processing to examine the temporal organization of multimodal systems (areas related to abstract concepts that integrate different sensory pathways) and/or embodied mechanisms (specific sensorimotor 6 networks for each perceptual modality) in the construal of meaning. We studied the dynamics of the modulations of linguistic stimuli denoting to facial body parts (nouns such as ‘nose’ and ‘mouth’) through classical oscillatory analysis together with machine learning, and the interaction between multimodal and embodied systems using connectivity methods. We showed, for the first time, that these stimuli rapidly modulate early markers in facial processing areas (embodied regions), with multimodal contributions, suggesting that linguistic meaning partly relies on fast reactivations of relevant sensory experiences. Together, the three studies provide direct contributions for the construction of models in cognitive neuroscience through invasive recordings in humans. Finally, the methods implemented for these and other works were included in a data analysis toolbox. This tool serves as a repository to ease the organization, reuse, and sharing of scripts, thus supporting student and researcher training. Already equipped with the functions used for present analyses, the toolbox is easily extensible and each laboratory or work group can populate it with their own methods. In sum, building on the uniqueness of intracranial human recordings, the present thesis affords methodological and theoretical contributions in hot topics of cognitive neuroscience, combining novel connectivity and machine learning methods and providing a tool that assists future studies and enhances other potential investigations.Fil: Hesse Rizzi, Eugenia Fátima. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt. Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Neurociencias; Argentin

Behavioural insights (BI) for childhood development and effective public policies in Latin America: A survey and a randomised controlled trial

Objectives We developed (a) a survey to investigate the knowledge of childhood health experts on public policies and behavioural insights (BI), as well as its use in Latin American and the Caribbean countries (LACs), and (b) an intervention (randomised controlled trial) to test the influence of nudges on the effect of a simulated public health programme communication. Participants and settings A total of 2003 LACs childhood health professionals participated in the study through a Hispanic online platform. Primary and secondary outcomes We used regression models analysing expertise-related information, individual differences and location. We extracted several outcome variables related to (a) ‘Public Policy Knowledge Index’ based on the participants’ degree of knowledge on childhood health public policies and (b) BI knowledge, perceived effectiveness and usefulness of a simulated public programme communication. We also analysed a ‘Behavioural Insights Knowledge Index’ (BIKI) based on participants’ performance in BI questions. Results In general, health professionals showed low BI knowledge (knowledge of the term BI: χ2 =210.29, df=1 and p<0.001; BIKI: χ2 =160.5, df=1 and p<0.001), and results were modulated by different factors (age, academic formation, public policy knowledge and location). The use of BI principles for the communication of the public programme revealed higher impact and clarity ratings from professionals than control messages. Conclusions Our findings provide relevant knowledge about BI in health professionals to inform governmental and non-governmental organisations’ decision-making processes related with childhood public policies and BI designs.Fil: Tomio, Andrea A.. Universidad de San Andrés; ArgentinaFil: Dottori, Martin. Universidad de San Andrés; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Hesse Rizzi, Eugenia Fátima. Universidad de San Andrés; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Torrente, Fernando Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; ArgentinaFil: Flichtentrei, Daniel. IntraMed; ArgentinaFil: Ibañez, Agustin Mariano. Universidad de San Andrés; Argentina. University Of California at San Francisco; Estados Unidos. Universidad de Dublin; Irlanda. Universidad Adolfo Ibañez; Chile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

The Bilingual Lexicon, Back and Forth: Electrophysiological Signatures of Translation Asymmetry

Available online 2 December 2021Mainstream theories of first and second language (L1, L2) processing in bilinguals are crucially informed by word translation research. A core finding is the translation asymmetry effect, typified by slower performance in forward translation (FT, from L1 into L2) than in backward translation (BT, from L2 into L1). Yet, few studies have explored its neural bases and none has employed (de)synchronization measures, precluding the integration of bilingual memory models with neural (de)coupling accounts of word processing. Here, 27 proficient Spanish-English bilinguals engaged in FT and BT of single words as we obtained high-density EEG recordings to perform cluster-based oscillatory and non-linear functional connectivity analyses. Relative to BT, FT yielded slower responses, higher frontal theta (4–7 Hz) power in an early window (0–300 ms), reduced centro-posterior lower-beta (14–20 Hz) and centro-frontal upper-beta (21–30 Hz) power in a later window (300–600 ms), and lower fronto-parietal connectivity below 10 Hz in the early window. Also, the greater the behavioral difference between FT and BT, the greater the power of the early theta cluster for FT over BT. These results reveal key (de)coupling dynamics underlying translation asymmetry, offering frequency-specific constraints for leading models of bilingual lexical processing.This work was supported by CONICET and FONCYT-PICT [grant numbers 2017-1818, 2017-1820]. Agustín Ibáñez is supported by grants of the Alzheimer’s Association GBHI ALZ UK-20-639295; Takeda CW2680521; ANID/FONDECYT Regular (1210195); ANID/FONDAP 15150012, Sistema General de Regalías (BPIN2018000100059), Universidad del Valle (CI 5316), and the Multi-Partner Consortium to Expand Dementia Research in Latin America (ReDLat), funded by the National Institutes of Aging (NIA) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under award number R01AG057234, an Alzheimer’s Association grant (SG-20-725707-ReDLat), the Rainwater Foundation, and the Global Brain Health Institute. Adolfo García is an Atlantic Fellow at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI) and is supported with funding from GBHI, Alzheimer’s Association, and Alzheimer’s Society (Alzheimer’s Association GBHI ALZ UK-22-865742); ANID, FONDECYT Regular (1210176); and Programa Interdisciplinario de Investigación Experimental en Comunicación y Cognición (PIIECC), Facultad de Humanidades, USACH. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health, Alzheimer’s Association, Rainwater Charitable Foundation, or Global Brain Health Institute

Intracranial high-γ connectivity distinguishes wakefulness from sleep.

Neural synchrony in the γ-band is considered a fundamental process in cortical computation and communication and it has also been proposed as a crucial correlate of consciousness. However, the latter claim remains inconclusive, mainly due to methodological limitations, such as the spectral constraints of scalp-level electroencephalographic recordings or volume-conduction confounds. Here, we circumvented these caveats by comparing γ-band connectivity between two global states of consciousness via intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), which provides the most reliable measurements of high-frequency activity in the human brain. Non-REM Sleep recordings were compared to passive-wakefulness recordings of the same duration in three subjects with surgically implanted electrodes. Signals were analyzed through the weighted Phase Lag Index connectivity measure and relevant graph theory metrics. We found that connectivity in the high-γ range (90-120 Hz), as well as relevant graph theory properties, were higher during wakefulness than during sleep and discriminated between conditions better than any other canonical frequency band. Our results constitute the first report of iEEG differences between wakefulness and sleep in the high-γ range at both local and distant sites, highlighting the utility of this technique in the search for the neural correlates of global states of consciousness

Task-specific signatures in the expert brain: Differential correlates of translation and reading in professional interpreters

Insights on the neurocognitive particularities of expert individuals have benefited from language studies on professional simultaneous interpreters (PSIs). Accruing research indicates that behavioral advantages in this population are restricted to those skills that are directly taxed during professional practice (e.g., translation as opposed to reading), but little is known about the neural signatures of such selective effects. To illuminate the issue, we recruited 17 PSIs and 15 non-interpreter bilinguals and compared behavioral and electrophysiological markers of word reading and translation from and into their native and non-native languages (L1 and L2, respectively). PSIs exhibited greater delta-theta (1?8 ​Hz) power across all tasks over varying topographies, but these were accompanied by faster performance only in the case of translation conditions. Moreover, neural differences in PSIs were most marked for L2-L1 translation (the dominant interpreting direction in their market), which exhibited maximally widespread modulations that selectively correlated with behavioral outcomes. Taken together, our results suggest that interpreting experience involves distinct neural signatures across reading and translation mechanisms, but that these are systematically related with processing efficiency only in domains that face elevated demands during everyday practice (i.e., L2-L1 translation). These findings can inform models of simultaneous interpreting, in particular, and expert cognitive processing, in general.Fil: Dottori, Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; ArgentinaFil: Hesse Rizzi, Eugenia Fátima. Universidad de San Andrés; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; ArgentinaFil: Santilli, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Vilas, Martina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; ArgentinaFil: Martorell Caro, Miguel Angel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; ArgentinaFil: Fraiman Borrazás, Daniel Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de San Andrés; ArgentinaFil: Sedeño, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; ArgentinaFil: Ibañez, Agustin Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; Argentina. Universidad Autonoma del Caribe; Colombia. Universidad Adolfo Ibañez; ChileFil: García, Adolfo Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentin

Enhanced Working Memory Binding by Direct Electrical Stimulation of the Parietal Cortex

Recent works evince the critical role of visual short-term memory (STM) binding deficits as a clinical and preclinical marker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These studies suggest a potential role of posterior brain regions in both the neurocognitive deficits of Alzheimer’s patients and STM binding in general. Thereupon, we surmised that stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) might be a successful approach to tackle working memory deficits in this condition, especially at early stages. To date, no causal evidence exists of the role of the parietal cortex in STM binding. A unique approach to assess this issue is afforded by single-subject direct intracranial electrical stimulation of specific brain regions during a relevant cognitive task. Electrical stimulation has been used both for clinical purposes and to causally probe brain mechanisms. Previous evidence of electrical currents spreading through white matter along well defined functional circuits indicates that visual working memory mechanisms are subserved by a specific widely distributed network. Here, we stimulated the parietal cortex of a subject with intracranial electrodes as he performed the visual STM task. We compared the ensuing results to those from a non-stimulated condition and to the performance of a matched control group. In brief, direct stimulation of the parietal cortex induced a selective improvement in STM. These results, together with previous studies, provide very preliminary but promising ground to examine behavioral changes upon parietal stimulation in AD. We discuss our results regarding: (a) the usefulness of the task to target prodromal stages of AD; (b) the role of a posterior network in STM binding and in AD; and (c) the potential opportunity to improve STM binding through brain stimulation

Using conceptual metaphor and functional grammar to explore how language used in physics affects student learning

This paper introduces a theory about the role of language in learning physics. The theory is developed in the context of physics students' and physicists' talking and writing about the subject of quantum mechanics. We found that physicists' language encodes different varieties of analogical models through the use of grammar and conceptual metaphor. We hypothesize that students categorize concepts into ontological categories based on the grammatical structure of physicists' language. We also hypothesize that students over-extend and misapply conceptual metaphors in physicists' speech and writing. Using our theory, we will show how, in some cases, we can explain student difficulties in quantum mechanics as difficulties with language.Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. ST:PE

Multivariate word properties in fluency tasks reveal markers of Alzheimer’s dementia

Version of Record online: 12 October 2023INTRODUCTION Verbal fluency tasks are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) assessments. Yet, standard valid response counts fail to reveal disease-specific semantic memory patterns. Here, we leveraged automated word-property analysis to capture neurocognitive markers of AD vis-à-vis behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). METHODS Patients and healthy controls completed two fluency tasks. We counted valid responses and computed each word's frequency, granularity, neighborhood, length, familiarity, and imageability. These features were used for group-level discrimination, patient-level identification, and correlations with executive and neural (magnetic resonanance imaging [MRI], functional MRI [fMRI], electroencephalography [EEG]) patterns. RESULTS Valid responses revealed deficits in both disorders. Conversely, frequency, granularity, and neighborhood yielded robust group- and subject-level discrimination only in AD, also predicting executive outcomes. Disease-specific cortical thickness patterns were predicted by frequency in both disorders. Default-mode and salience network hypoconnectivity, and EEG beta hypoconnectivity, were predicted by frequency and granularity only in AD. DISCUSSION Word-property analysis of fluency can boost AD characterization and diagnosis. Highlights We report novel word-property analyses of verbal fluency in AD and bvFTD. Standard valid response counts captured deficits and brain patterns in both groups. Specific word properties (e.g., frequency, granularity) were altered only in AD. Such properties predicted cognitive and neural (MRI, fMRI, EEG) patterns in AD. Word-property analysis of fluency can boost AD characterization and diagnosis.National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Aging, Grant/Award Numbers: R01AG057234, R01AG075775; ANID: FONDECYT Regular, Grant/Award Numbers: 1210176, 1210195, 1220995; FONDAP, Grant/Award Number: 15150012; PIA/ANILLOS, Grant/Award Number: ACT210096; FONDEF, Grant/Award Number: ID20I10152; GBHI, Alzheimer’s Association, and Alzheimer’s Society: Alzheimer’s Association GBHI, Grant/Award Number: ALZ UK-22-865742; Alzheimer’s Association, Grant/Award Number: SG-20-725707; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile, Grant/Award Number: #BL-SRGP2021-01; Programa Interdisciplinario de Investigación Experimental en Comunicación y Cognición (PIIECC), Facultad de Humanidades, USACH; Takeda, Grant/Award Number: CW2680521; Rainwater Charitable Foundation; Tau Consortium; European Commission: H2020-MSCA-IF-GFMULTI-LAND, Grant/Award Number: 10102581

Early detection of intentional harm in the human amygdala

A decisive element of moral cognition is the detection of harm and its assessment as intentional or unintentional. Moral cognition engages brain networks supporting mentalizing, intentionality, empathic concern and evaluation. These networks rely on the amygdala as a critical hub, likely through frontotemporal connections indexing stimulus salience. We assessed inferences about perceived harm using a paradigm validated through functional magnetic resonance imaging, eye-tracking and electroencephalogram recordings. During the task, we measured local field potentials in three patients with depth electrodes (n = 115) placed in the amygdala and in several frontal, temporal, and parietal locations. Direct electrophysiological recordings demonstrate that intentional harm induces early activity in the amygdala (5 200 ms), which-in turn-predicts intention attribution. The amygdala was the only site that systematically discriminated between critical conditions and predicted their classification of events as intentional. Moreover, connectivity analysis showed that intentional harm induced stronger frontotemporal information sharing at early stages. Results support the 'many roads' view of the amygdala and highlight its role in the rapid encoding of intention and salience-critical components of mentalizing and moral evaluation.Fil: Hesse Rizzi, Eugenia Fátima. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Diego Portales; Chile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; ArgentinaFil: Mikulan, Ezequiel Pablo. Universidad Diego Portales; Chile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; ArgentinaFil: Decety, Jean. University of Chicago; Estados UnidosFil: Sigman, Mariano. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Torcuato Di Tella; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Del Carmen Garcia, María. Hospital Italiano. Instituto Universitario - Escuela de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Silva, Walter. Hospital Italiano. Instituto Universitario - Escuela de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Ciraolo, Carlos. Hospital Italiano. Instituto Universitario - Escuela de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Vaucheret, Esteban. Hospital Italiano. Instituto Universitario - Escuela de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Baglivo, Fabricio. Universidad Favaloro; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Diego Portales; Chile. Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva; ArgentinaFil: Huepe, David. Universidad Diego Portales; ChileFil: Lopez, Vladimir. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Manes, Facundo Francisco. Universidad Diego Portales; Chile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; ArgentinaFil: Bekinschtein, Tristán Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. University of Cambridge; Reino UnidoFil: Ibañez, Agustin Mariano. Universidad Diego Portales; Chile. Universidad Autonoma del Caribe; Colombia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; Argentin

Enhanced working memory binding by direct electrical stimulation of the parietal cortex

Recent works evince the critical role of visual short-term memory (STM) binding deficits as a clinical and preclinical marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These studies suggest a potential role of posterior brain regions in both the neurocognitive deficits of Alzheimer's patients and STM binding in general. Thereupon, we surmised that stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) might be a successful approach to tackle working memory deficits in this condition, especially at early stages. To date, no causal evidence exists of the role of the parietal cortex in STM binding. A unique approach to assess this issue is afforded by single-subject direct intracranial electrical stimulation of specific brain regions during a relevant cognitive task. Electrical stimulation has been used both for clinical purposes and to causally probe brain mechanisms. Previous evidence of electrical currents spreading through white matter along well defined functional circuits indicates that visual working memory mechanisms are subserved by a specific widely distributed network. Here, we stimulated the parietal cortex of a subject with intracranial electrodes as he performed the visual STM task. We compared the ensuing results to those from a non-stimulated condition and to the performance of a matched control group. In brief, direct stimulation of the parietal cortex induced a selective improvement in STM. These results, together with previous studies, provide very preliminary but promising ground to examine behavioral changes upon parietal stimulation in AD. We discuss our results regarding: (a) the usefulness of the task to target prodromal stages of AD; (b) the role of a posterior network in STM binding and in AD; and (c) the potential opportunity to improve STM binding through brain stimulation.Fil: Birba, Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; ArgentinaFil: Hesse Rizzi, Eugenia Fátima. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Sedeño, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; ArgentinaFil: Mikulan, Ezequiel Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; ArgentinaFil: García, María del Carmen. Hospital Italiano; ArgentinaFil: Avalos, Juan Carlos. Hospital Italiano; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Adolfi, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; ArgentinaFil: Legaz, Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; ArgentinaFil: Bekinschtein, Tristán Andrés. University of Cambridge; Reino UnidoFil: Zimerman, Máximo. Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva; Argentina. Universidad Favaloro; ArgentinaFil: Parra, Mario. Heriot-Watt University; Reino Unido. University of Edinburgh; Reino Unido. NHS Research Scotland; Reino Unido. Universidad Autónoma del Caribe; ColombiaFil: García, Adolfo Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; ArgentinaFil: Ibáñez Barassi, Agustín Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; Argentina. Universidad Autónoma del Caribe; Colombia. Universidad Adolfo Ibañez; Chile. Australian Research Council ; Australi