Remedial Postscripts — Reflections on Carter II, Suspensions, Extensions and Exemptions

In Carter, the Supreme Court of Canada declared unconstitutional the absolute criminal prohibition on medical assistance in dying but suspended its declaration for 12 months to allow time for Parliament and the provincial legislatures to respond to the decision. In part because of the intervening federal election, Parliament was unable to pass a response to Carter in time and, prior to the expiry of the suspension, applied for a six-month extension. Carter II was the Court’s decision on the extension application — and on the issue of whether exemptions should be granted from the temporarily valid law (1) within Quebec having regard for the coming into force of Quebec’s law governing medical assistance in dying; and (2) outside of Quebec for individuals who met the criteria in the Carter declaration

Visual Representations of Gender in Engineering Trade Journals of Professional Societies During 1998-2012: A Content Analysis of Hierarchy and Stereotypes

Recruiting and retaining women in engineering have stagnated since the mid-1990\u27s partially due to the marginalization of women in education and the workforce. This research analyzed the quality and quantity of representation of women and men in visual images of professional science and engineering trade journals to illuminate the marginalizing climate of engineering. A mixed methods approach using visual content analysis was performed for a 15-year period during 1998-2012 of three different trade journals of professional societies representing various disciplines of engineering: the first has a low percentage of women, the second has a higher percentage of women, and the third, a science journal, was at gender parity. Data was coded for men and women in one issue per year of each trade journal, and was analyzed using chi-squared and logged-odds analyses. Results show that women were 25% of the population in the trade journals and increased over time at an average rate of 1% per year. Women were shown in depictions that were qualitatively costly to their professional positions, whereas men were shown in professionally beneficial ways. Women were shown over-represented in feminine stereotypes and subordinate portrayals and under-represented in masculine stereotypes. Men were shown over-represented in masculine stereotypes and superior portrayals and under-represented in feminine stereotypes. The engineering trade journal of the society with a relatively high percentage of women portrayed women least negatively and men least positively. The trade journal of the society with the lowest percentage of women showed women most negatively and men most positively and used advertisements the most. Thus, the quality of female portrayals in the engineering trade journals were reflective of the quantity of female participation in the engineering disciplines they represented. Advertisements more than editorial content showed women more negatively and men more positively through depictions of stereotypical and traditional roles. Thus, trade journals with more control over their content (less ads) showed women less negatively. Changes over time reinforced these findings, where during the Great Recession the number of advertisements declined and the quality of women\u27s representation improved

Fabrication and assembly of an array of micro fuel injector nozzles for a trapped-vortex combustor

An array of four fuel injector nozzles, each with micrometer-scale swirlers and a microhole, is created on a single coupon. The nozzles are intended to atomize fuel to blend with swirling air before ejecting into a trapped-vortex combustion chamber. A first-generation metal prototype is fabricated in order to form the micro features, supply the fuel and gas to the nozzles, and guide the mixture to the combustion chamber. Microfabrication methods and precision machining are used to create a multiple plate laminate assembly. The central plate contains the four microholes, which atomize the fuel, and facilitate the swirler structures needed to induce vorticity in the fuel and air. Fabrication of the swirlers requires electrodeposited nickel microstructures on both sides of the plate in order to segregate the high-pressurize air and fuel flows. Two other plates seal the air and fuel channels resulting in separate reservoirs for supply to the microstructures. A fourth plate defines a low-pressure complementary air reservoir needed for stoichiometric conditions. Guided with alignment pins, the plates fasten together to seal the reservoirs and guide the injecting mixture along an axis with a total alignment error of less than 50 µm. Precision machining is needed to drill the holes required for alignment, fluid flow, and fasteners. Plunge EDM drilling through a thin plate creates the conically-shaped holes 75 µm -125 µm in diameter. The project resulted in fully reproducible microfabrication methods, which when used in coordination with precision machining techniques produces smooth, level microstructures on both sides of the drilled nickel plate. The components were assembled and tested for leakage. Since the prototype leaked below atmospheric pressure, the warped central plate could not be salvaged for patterned flow testing purposes. Recommendations for the next generation prototype are presented. Preliminary investigation of a ceramic prototype is conducted with particular interest in sealing solutions involving cofired test samples. Viable testing methods and specimen geometry are investigated. Future ceramic prototype development requires shear joint testing as the initial step in realizing a self-sealing ceramic fuel injector prototype

Predation of artificial nests in grassland/shrubland habitats in western Tennessee

Grassland and early successional plant communities formerly comprised important components of the southeastern landscape. Many early successional communities have disappeared in the absence of maintenance mechanisms to preserve their existence in the landscape. Today, avian species of grassland and early successional communities are experiencing dramatic declines throughout their range (Askins 1993). Declines in the southeastern United States may be largely related to habitat loss. I focused on two habitats representative of grassland/shrubland successional stages that currently exist throughout the Southeast, old fields and open woodlands. Eight study plots of approximately 1.89 ha each were selected, 4 in each habitat type, on Ames Plantation near Grand Junction, TN. Avian communities were censused on the study plots to identify species presence and relative abundance. Artificial nests were used to gather information on relative predation trends within the old-field and open-woodland habitats. Four study plots were randomly selected as experimental plots (2 field and 2 forest plots) on which rodent populations were reduced to determine the effects of rodents on artificial nest success. Avian communities mostly consisted of mixed-habitat species, capable of inhabiting several different habitat types (red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus,indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea, and eastern towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus). Several species characterized as early successional habitat specialists (yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens, northern bobwhite, Colinus virginianus, and field sparrow, Spizella pusilla) were present on the study area. Grassland specialists were rare (one nesting pair of easternmeadowlark, Stumella magna, in two years) despite available habitat and may result from the high area-sensitivity of most grassland birds in conjunction with the relatively small size of available habitat patches on the study area. Kill-trapping of rodents decreased rodent populations below pre-treatment levels on experimental plots (P = 0.001). Trapped areas experienced lower artificial nest predation by rodents and greater nest success than untrapped plots (nests containing fincheggs, P = 0.002, nests containing bobwhite eggs, P = 0.001). Predation by non-rodents remained relatively stable between treatments, despite rodent removal. Therefore, there appeared to be no compensatory response to rodent removal in terms of increased predation on artificial nests by non-rodents. Rodents were responsible for the majority of predation, predating more nests than all other sources combined (64.8% of all nests predated). The most abundant rodents on the study area were the white-footed mouse {Peromyscus leucopus) and the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). Predation of artificial nests by medium-sized mammals (striped skunk. Mephitis mephitis, opossum, Didelphis virginiana, and raccoon, Procyon lotor) was infrequent, accounting for approximately 7.0% of all predation. Predation on nests containing finch eggs occurred with greater frequency than predation on nests containing bobwhite eggs (P = 0.001). Because rodents were the predominate nest predators, this result supports the hypothesis that small-mouthed predators may be less capable of biting into larger eggs such as northern bobwhite (Reistma et al. 1990, Roper 1992, Haskell \995a,b). The use of large eggs such as northern bobwhite in artificial nest experiments may reduce the likelihood of predation by small rodents. Predation rates differed with habitat type, as forested plots experienced much greater predation than field plots (P= 0.001). Nests placed within dense vegetation were less likely to be predated than nests placed in sparser vegetation (P = 0.006). Nests placed in grass were less likely to be predated than nests placed in woody vegetation (P = 0.012) or forbs (P = 0.022). Land managers may succeed in sustaining populations of early successional nesting birds by addressing nesting requirements with habitat manipulations. Habitat improvements that increase quality and composition of nesting cover may reduce predation rates. Future research needs include development of management strategies that benefit the variety of avian species using grassland and early successional habitats

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http://www.ester.ee/record=b4582721*es

Traumatic Brain Injury: Persistent Misconceptions and Knowledge Gaps Among Educators

Each year approximately 700,000 U.S. children aged 0–19 years sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) placing them at risk for academic, cognitive, and behavioural challenges. Although TBI has been a special education disability category for 25 years, prevalence studies show that of the 145,000 students each year who sustain long-term injury from TBI, less than 18% are identified for special education services. With few students with TBI identified for special education, TBI is mistakenly viewed as a low-incidence disability, and is covered minimally in educator preparation. We surveyed educators and found that they lacked knowledge, applied skills, and self-efficacy in working with students with TBI. While those with special education credentials and/or additional training scored significantly higher than general educators, all demonstrated inadequate skills in working with students with TBI. This finding suggests that teachers, especially those in general education, have misconceptions and knowledge gaps about TBI and its effects on students. Misconceptions have led to the misidentification and under-identification of students with TBI, leaving this group of students with disabilities potentially underserved. To meet the academic and behavioural needs of students with TBI, all educators need effective training in working with students with TBI

Positively waiting: Technology as the preferred distractor in a pediatric outpatient setting

Visiting any pediatric outpatient clinic as a child may be considered a stressful and anxiety-inducing experience. The literature suggests that positive distractions, such as pet therapy and single-user electronic devices, may aid in reducing anxiety and maximizing patient satisfaction throughout the patient’s experience at a pediatric outpatient clinic. The aim of this pilot quality improvement project was to determine which positive distractions patients experienced and whether single-user electronic loaner devices should be provided to patients at pediatric outpatient facilities. A quantitative causal comparative approach was utilized in identifying patient exposure to key positive distraction techniques that may significantly decrease anxiety. The independent variable was the patient gender as reported by the caretaker. The term “caretaker” refers to the adult parent, guardian, relative, or friend accompanying the patient. The dependent variables were caretakers’ responses to interview questions regarding exposure to and interest in various positive distractors. Most patients reported more interactions with therapy dogs than either clowns or musicians, with none reporting magician interaction while waiting for their appointments. Many patients (71%) demonstrated interest in having access to single-user electronics during clinic appointment wait times. Male patients showed great interest (87%) in having access to single-user electronics. Findings suggest that pediatric healthcare facilities funding single-user electronics to reduce patient anxiety may increase patient satisfaction. Additionally, data suggest administrators may benefit by offering an array of positive distractions, with a particular focus on pet therapy programs. Child life specialists are particularly suited for overseeing the implementation of an efficient and effective program. Experience Framework This article is associated with the Innovation & Technology lens of The Beryl Institute Experience Framework (https://www.theberylinstitute.org/ExperienceFramework). Access other PXJ articles related to this lens. Access other resources related to this len

Crianza de pollos y logros de aprendizaje del área educación para el trabajo en estudiantes de sétimo ciclo, Caballococha, 2019

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación que existe entre la crianza de pollos y el logro de aprendizaje del área de educación para el trabajo en estudiantes de sétimo ciclo, Caballococha, 2019. El estudio fue de tipo no experimental y transversal con un diseño descriptivo correlacional, la muestra estuvo conformada por el 100% de la población, en total 80 estudiantes, la técnica que se empleó para la recolección de los datos fue la observación y análisis documental, el instrumento fue ficha de observación (Variable independiente) y registro de notas (variable dependiente) para el análisis de los datos se empleó tablas de porcentaje y promedios, gráficos estadísticos y la prueba de hipótesis de chi cuadrado. Los resultados más relevantes fueron: Se evaluó que los estudiantes de sétimo ciclo que participaron en el estudio, el 52,5% presentan evaluación alta en crianza de pollos y 47,5% evaluación medio. Se verificó los logros de aprendizaje en el área de educación para el trabajo de los estudiantes de sétimo ciclo que participaron en la investigación, el 70,0% presentan evaluación regular y el 30,0% evaluación buena. Con los resultados obtenidos se interpretó por medio de cuadros y gráficos estadísticos, aplicando la distribución de Chi cuadrada con 95% de confianza, al ser calculado en el SPSS: X2Calc = 32,118 gl =1 X2Tab = 3.84 p =0.000, se deduce que entre la crianza de pollos y los logros de aprendizaje del área de educación para el trabajo en estudiantes de sétimo ciclo, Caballococha, existe relación estadísticamente significativa y se acepta la hipótesis de investigación

Traumatic Brain Injury and Teacher Training: A Gap in Educator Preparation

This study examines the level of training provided on traumatic brain injury (TBI) in teacher training programs. Research has shown teachers lack knowledge about the consequences of TBI and about the related services students with TBI might require. Participants included faculty members in teacher training programs in the United States. The current study revealed very little formal training on TBI is provided in teacher training programs. If provided, TBI training was more likely to be found in special education classes than in general education settings

Traumatic Brain Injury: Persistent Misconceptions and Knowledge Gaps Among Educators

Each year approximately 700,000 U.S. children aged 0–19 years sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) placing them at risk for academic, cognitive, and behavioural challenges. Although TBI has been a special education disability category for 25 years, prevalence studies show that of the 145,000 students each year who sustain long-term injury from TBI, less than 18% are identified for special education services. With few students with TBI identified for special education, TBI is mistakenly viewed as a low-incidence disability, and is covered minimally in educator preparation. We surveyed educators and found that they lacked knowledge, applied skills, and self-efficacy in working with students with TBI. While those with special education credentials and/or additional training scored significantly higher than general educators, all demonstrated inadequate skills in working with students with TBI. This finding suggests that teachers, especially those in general education, have misconceptions and knowledge gaps about TBI and its effects on students. Misconceptions have led to the misidentification and under-identification of students with TBI, leaving this group of students with disabilities potentially underserved. To meet the academic and behavioural needs of students with TBI, all educators need effective training in working with students with TBI