433 research outputs found
Small-scale Interaction of Turbulence with Thermonuclear Flames in Type Ia Supernovae
Microscopic turbulence-flame interactions of thermonuclear fusion flames
occuring in Type Ia Supernovae were studied by means of incompressible direct
numerical simulations with a highly simplified flame description. The flame is
treated as a single diffusive scalar field with a nonlinear source term. It is
characterized by its Prandtl number, Pr << 1, and laminar flame speed, S_L. We
find that if S_L ~ u', where u' is the rms amplitude of turbulent velocity
fluctuations, the local flame propagation speed does not significantly deviate
from S_L even in the presence of velocity fluctuations on scales below the
laminar flame thickness. This result is interpreted in the context of
subgrid-scale modeling of supernova explosions and the mechanism for
deflagration-detonation-transitions.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, accepted by Astrophys.
Initial Condition Sensitivity of Global Quantities in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence
In this paper we study the effect of subtle changes in initial conditions on
the evolution of global quantities in two-dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
turbulence. We find that a change in the initial phases of complex Fourier
modes of the Els\"{a}sser variables, while keeping the initial values of total
energy, cross helicity and Alfv\'{e}n ratio unchanged, has a significant effect
on the evolution of cross helicity. On the contrary, the total energy and
Alfv\'{e}n ratio are insensitive to the initial phases. Our simulations are
based on direct numerical simulation using the pseudo-spectral method.Comment: 12 pages LateX, 11 ps figures. Accepted for publication by Physics of
Plasma
Energy transfer in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence: formalism and numerical results
The basic entity of nonlinear interaction in Navier-Stokes and the
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations is a wavenumber triad ({\bf k,p,q})
satisfying . The expression for the combined energy transfer
from two of these wavenumbers to the third wavenumber is known. In this paper
we introduce the idea of an effective energy transfer between a pair of modes
by the mediation of the third mode, and find an expression for it. Then we
apply this formalism to compute the energy transfer in the quasi-steady-state
of two-dimensional MHD turbulence with large-scale kinetic forcing. The
computation of energy fluxes and the energy transfer between different
wavenumber shells is done using the data generated by the pseudo-spectral
direct numerical simulation. The picture of energy flux that emerges is quite
complex---there is a forward cascade of magnetic energy, an inverse cascade of
kinetic energy, a flux of energy from the kinetic to the magnetic field, and a
reverse flux which transfers the energy back to the kinetic from the magnetic.
The energy transfer between different wavenumber shells is also complex---local
and nonlocal transfers often possess opposing features, i.e., energy transfer
between some wavenumber shells occurs from kinetic to magnetic, and between
other wavenumber shells this transfer is reversed. The net transfer of energy
is from kinetic to magnetic. The results obtained from the studies of flux and
shell-to-shell energy transfer are consistent with each other.Comment: 27 pages REVTEX; 14 ps figure
Cloud microphysical effects of turbulent mixing and entrainment
Turbulent mixing and entrainment at the boundary of a cloud is studied by
means of direct numerical simulations that couple the Eulerian description of
the turbulent velocity and water vapor fields with a Lagrangian ensemble of
cloud water droplets that can grow and shrink by condensation and evaporation,
respectively. The focus is on detailed analysis of the relaxation process of
the droplet ensemble during the entrainment of subsaturated air, in particular
the dependence on turbulence time scales, droplet number density, initial
droplet radius and particle inertia. We find that the droplet evolution during
the entrainment process is captured best by a phase relaxation time that is
based on the droplet number density with respect to the entire simulation
domain and the initial droplet radius. Even under conditions favoring
homogeneous mixing, the probability density function of supersaturation at
droplet locations exhibits initially strong negative skewness, consistent with
droplets near the cloud boundary being suddenly mixed into clear air, but
rapidly approaches a narrower, symmetric shape. The droplet size distribution,
which is initialized as perfectly monodisperse, broadens and also becomes
somewhat negatively skewed. Particle inertia and gravitational settling lead to
a more rapid initial evaporation, but ultimately only to slight depletion of
both tails of the droplet size distribution. The Reynolds number dependence of
the mixing process remained weak over the parameter range studied, most
probably due to the fact that the inhomogeneous mixing regime could not be
fully accessed when phase relaxation times based on global number density are
considered.Comment: 17 pages, 10 Postscript figures (figures 3,4,6,7,8 and 10 are in
reduced quality), to appear in Theoretical Computational Fluid Dynamic
The Rapid Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccination in Emergency Departments for Underserved Patients Study
Early evidence has suggested a high prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) in Coronavirus 19 (COVID). However, the bulk of existing data evaluates the population of COVID patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). There has been limited evidence in the emergency department (ED) population and as a result, there is variability in diagnostic evaluation for patients presenting with COVID. The objective of this study was to describe the diagnostic evaluation of both COVID positive and negative patients in the ED
Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of novel Cu(II) complexes of 6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehy de-4N-substituted thiosemicarbazones
Three new 6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde-thiosemicarbazones-N-4-substituted pro-ligands and their Cu(II) complexes (1, -NH2; 2, -NHMe; 3, -NHEt) have been prepared and characterized. In both the X-ray structures of 1 and 3, two crystallographically independent complex molecules were found that differ either in the nature of weakly metal-binding species (water in 1a and nitrate in 1b) or in the co-ligand (water in 3a and methanol in 3b). Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) measurements carried out on complexes 1 and 3 confirmed the presence of such different species in the solution. The electrochemical behavior of the pro-ligands and of the complexes was investigated, as well as their biological activity. Complexes 2 and 3 exhibited a high cytotoxicity against human tumor cells and 3D spheroids derived from solid tumors, related to the high cellular uptake. Complexes 2 and 3 also showed a high selectivity towards cancerous cell lines with respect to non-cancerous cell lines and were able to circumvent cisplatin resistance. Via the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging technique, preliminary insights into the biological activity of copper complexes were obtained
Statistical Properties of Turbulence: An Overview
We present an introductory overview of several challenging problems in the
statistical characterisation of turbulence. We provide examples from fluid
turbulence in three and two dimensions, from the turbulent advection of passive
scalars, turbulence in the one-dimensional Burgers equation, and fluid
turbulence in the presence of polymer additives.Comment: 34 pages, 31 figure
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