A assessoria de imprensa como ferramenta das estratégias de marketing: uma análise do case “bolão”

Esse trabalho analisa de que forma a assessoria de imprensa pode ser usada como ferramenta das estratégias de marketing. A assessoria de imprensa é uma atividade multidisciplinar que tem como objetivo principal manter uma boa imagem de uma instituição perante seus públicos. Marketing é uma estratégia usada para agregar valor ao produto ou serviço, aumentando a visibilidade das marcas e valorizando produtos e serviços, despertando interesse e estimulando o consumidor através de uma relação de confiança e credibilidade. O case do lançamento do produto “Bolão” pelas Loterias Caixa mostra como a assessoria de imprensa foi usada na promoção, uma das premissas básicas do marketing. Por ser um assunto de interesse nacional e vindo de uma instituição crível e reconhecida, a assessoria de imprensa utilizou a credibilidade que a mídia possui perante a população e sua necessidade de noticiar novidades para promover o lançamento do bolão. Quando é possível inserir a promoção de um produto, marca ou serviço na pauta da mídia, ou criar eventos que possibilitem essa inserção, a assessoria de imprensa se torna uma ferramenta forte e barata para as estratégias de marketing. A divulgação de conceitos pela mídia são considerados reais e absorvidos pelo leitor do meio de comunicação, que recebe a informação com maior aceitação em relação à publicidade

Preliminary biocompatibility investigation of magnetic albumin nanosphere designed as a potential versatile drug delivery system

Background: The magnetic albumin nanosphere (MAN), encapsulating maghemite nanoparticles, was designed as a magnetic drug delivery system (MDDS) able to perform a variety of biomedical applications. It is noteworthy that MAN was efficient in treating Ehrlich’s tumors by the magnetohyperthermia procedure. Methods and materials: In this study, several nanotoxicity tests were systematically carried out in mice from 30 minutes until 30 days after MAN injection to investigate their biocompatibility status. Cytometry analysis, viability tests, micronucleus assay, and histological analysis were performed. Results: Cytometry analysis and viability tests revealed MAN promotes only slight and temporary alterations in the frequency of both leukocyte populations and viable peritoneal cells, respectively. Micronucleus assay showed absolutely no genotoxicity or cytotoxicity effects and histological analysis showed no alterations or even nanoparticle clusters in several investigated organs but, interestingly, revealed the presence of MAN clusters in the central nervous system (CNS). Conclusion: The results showed that MAN has desirable in vivo biocompatibility, presenting potential for use as a MDDS, especially in CNS disease therapy

Antitumor activity of photodynamic therapy performed with nanospheres containing zinc-phthalocyanine

Abstract\ud \ud Background\ud The increasing incidence of cancer and the search for more effective therapies with minimal collateral effects have prompted studies to find alternative new treatments. Among these, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been proposed as a very promising new modality in cancer treatment with the lowest rates of side effects, revealing itself to be particularly successful when the photosensitizer is associated with nanoscaled carriers. This study aimed to design and develop a new formulation based on albumin nanospheres containing zinc-phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (ZnPcS4-AN) for use in the PDT protocol and to investigate its antitumor activity in Swiss albino mice using the Ehrlich solid tumor as an experimental model for breast cancer.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud Ehrlich tumor’s volume, histopathology and morphometry were used to assess the efficacy of intratumoral injection of ZnPcS4-AN in containing tumor aggressiveness and promoting its regression, while the toxicity of possible treatments was assessed by animal weight, morphological analysis of the liver and kidneys, hemogram, and serum levels of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea. In order to evaluate the efficacy of PDT, groups of animals treated with intratumoral injection of doxorubicin (Dox) were also investigated.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Intratumoral injection of ZnPcS4-AN was found to be efficient in mediating PDT to refrain tumor aggressiveness and to induce its regression. Although tumor volume reduction was not significant, PDT induced a remarkable increase in the necrosis area seen in the tumor’s central region, as in other experimental groups, including tumor and Dox treated groups, but also in the tumor’s peripheral region. Further, PDT showed minimal adverse effects. Indeed, the use of ZnPcS4-AN in mediating PDT revealed anti-neoplastic activity similar to that obtained while using intratumoral Dox therapy.\ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud PDT mediated by the new formulation ZnPcS4-AN enhanced the inhibition of tumor growth while producing practically no adverse effects and thus emerges as a very promising nanotechnology-based strategy for solid cancer treatment.We are grateful to the Sabin Institute/Sabin Laboratories for technical\ud support and to the Brazilian National Council for Technological and Scientific\ud Development (CNPq), the Foundation to Support Research in the Federal\ud District (FAPDF), the Coordination for Further Training of Graduate Staff\ud (CAPES), the Nanobiotechnology-Network CON-NANO (CAPES), INCTNanobiotecnologia\ud (MCTI, CNPq, CAPES), CNANO-UnB, the São Paulo\ud Research Foundation (FAPESP) #08/53719-4 ACT, and the DPP-University of\ud Brasília, for financial support

Nanocápsulas magnéticas de Selol para tratamento do câncer de mama experimental : avaliação in vitro e in vivo

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, 2012.Este trabalho visou investigar um novo sistema nanoestruturado para tratamento do câncer de mama, baseado em nanocápsulas de ácido poli(láctico-co-glicólico) (PLGA), que são biocompatíveis, e co-encapsularam nanopartículas magnéticas (NPM) e Selol. NPM possuem inúmeros papéis no tratamento do câncer, inclusive destruição seletiva de células tumorais por magnetohipertermia; enquanto que o Selol, uma mistura hidrofóbica contendo selênio, aumenta a eficácia terapêutica de quimioterápicos. A amostra de nanocápsulas magnéticas de Selol (NCMagh-SE) foi caracterizada, e a sua toxicidade e efeito antitumoral foram avaliados por meio de estudos in vitro e in vivo. Na caracterização por microscopia eletrônica, zetasizer e espalhamento de luz dinâmica, as nanocápsulas de NCMagh-SE apresentaram-se monodispersas e com carga de superfície positiva. A toxicidade in vitro de (NCMagh-SE) foi avaliada em células de adenocarcinoma mamário murino (4T1) e humano (MCF-7) e em células normais de mama (MCF-10A). A citotoxicidade, avaliada pelo método do MTT, foi dependente da dose, do tempo e da linhagem celular. Em doses de 25 μg/mL de Selol + 1,25x109 partículas/mL e 50 μg/mL de Selol + 2,5x109 partículas/mL, NCMagh-SE reduziu em 38%, em média, a viabilidade das células tumorais, porém sem efeito nas células normais. Análises por microscopia de luz, revelaram maior captação de NCMagh-SE pelas células tumorais. NCMagh-SE induziu morte celular por apoptose e fragmentaçao do DNA, conforme análises por citometria de fluxo. Interessantemente, após 4 horas de tratamento com NCMagh-SE, não foi observada citotoxicidade em células 4T1. Entretanto, a exposição ao campo magnético alternado (CMA), após tratamento com NCMagh-SE, reduziu a viabilidade celular significativamente. Ainda, em células MCF-7, NCMagh-SE reduziu a viabilidade celular independentemente da exposição ao CMA, porém a toxicidade aumentou significativamente após exposição ao CMA. Sob ação do CMA e com 100 μg/mL de Selol + 5x109 partículas/mL, a viabilidade celular foi significativamente diminuída para 48,22%, enquanto que sem o CMA era de 62,20%. Os estudos in vivo em camundongos BALB/C, portadores de tumor ortotópico autólogo mamário induzido por células 4T1, não mostraram toxicidade relevante após o tratamento com NCMagh-SE, por meio de análises hematológicas, bioquímicas, genotóxicas e histológicas dos órgãos. Entretanto, foi verificado aumento da necrose tumoral nos camundongos induzida pelo tratamento com NCMagh-SE. Quando o tratamento era associado à administração do quimioterápico Paclitaxel, a necrose tumoral era ainda mais evidente. A exposição ao CMA, posterior ao tratamento combinado de NCMagh-SE e Paclitaxel via intratumoral, aumentou ainda mais o efeito antitumoral do tratamento, diminuindo em aproximadamente 70% o volume do tumor em comparação aos camundongos do grupo controle tratado com solução salina. Neste contexto, nossos resultados mostram o potencial de NCMagh-SE para tratamento do câncer de mama, incluindo a sua capacidade de potencializar o efeito quimioterápico do Paclitaxel, além de induzir magnetohipertermia. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate a new nanostructured system for treatment of breast cancer, based on nanocapsules of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), which are biocompatibles, and entrapped both magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and Selol. MNP have many roles in cancer treatment, including the selective destruction of tumor cells by magnetohyperthermia; while Selol, a hydrophobic mixture containing selenium increases the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. The sample of magnetic nanocapsules of Selol (NCMagh-SE) was characterized, and their toxicity and antitumor effect were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo assays. The characterization by electron microscopy, zetasizer, and dynamic light scattering, showed NCMagh-SE with monodisperse feature and positive charge. In vitro toxicity of (NCMagh-SE) was evaluated in murine (4T1) and human (MCF-7) breast adenocarcinoma cells, plus in normal breast cell line (MCF-10A). Cytotoxicity, measured by MTT assay, was dose, time and cell line dependent. At doses of 25 μg/mL of Selol + 1.25x109 particles/mL and 50 μg/mL of Selol + 2.5x109 particles/ mL, NCMagh-SE reduced the neoplastic cells viability by 38%, with no effect on normal cells. Analysis by light microscopy, showed higher uptake of NCMagh-SE by tumor cells. NCMagh-SE induced cell death by apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in analyzes performed by flow cytometry. Interestingly, NCMagh-SE was not cytotoxic to 4T1 cells after 4 hours of treatment with NCMagh-SE. However, exposure to the alternating magnetic field (AMF), subsequently to treatment with NCMagh-SE, decreased significantly the cell viability. Also, NCMagh-SE reduced the MCF-7 cells viability regardless of exposure to AMF, but the citotoxicity increased significantly after exposure to the AMF. Under the action of AMF and NCMagh-SE (100 μg/mL of Selol + 5x109 particles/mL), the cell viability was significantly reduced to 48.22%, whereas without AMF was 62.20%. In vivo studies in BALB/c mice, bearing orthotopic breast adenocarcinoma induced by 4T1 cells, showed no significant toxicity after treatment with NCMagh-SE in hematological, biochemical, histological and genotoxic analysis. Nonetheless, NCMagh-SE increased the tumor necrosis in mice. When this treatment was associated with intravenous administration of Paclitaxel, tumor necrosis was more evident. Exposure to AMF, after the combined intratumoral treatment of NCMagh-SE and Paclitaxel, increased the antitumor effect of the treatment, decreasing approximately 70% of the tumor volume in relation to control group treated with saline. Thus, the results show the potential of NCMagh-SE for breast cancer treatment, including their ability to enhance the chemotherapeutic effect of Paclitaxel and to induce magnetohyperthermia

Investigação da biocompatibilidade de polímeros de albumina magnéticos em camundongos.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, 2008.A nanotecnologia é uma área envolvida na pesquisa e desenvolvimento de materiais que apresentam pelo menos uma de suas dimensões na escala nanométrica. Dentre os materiais nanoestruturados, as nanopartículas magnéticas (NPMs) são de grande interesse em aplicações biomédicas, seja no diagnóstico ou no tratamento de doenças. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a biocompatibilidade de polímeros de albumina magnéticos (PAMs), compostos por nanopartículas de maghemita contidas em um fluido magnético iônico, subseqüentemente encapsuladas em polímeros de albumina e injetados intraperitonealmente em camundongos fêmeas Swiss. Foram realizadas análises citométricas, teste de viabilidade dos leucócitos peritoneais e análise histológica dos órgãos fígado, pulmões e baço, após 30 minutos; 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas; e 7, 15 e 30 dias da administração de PAMs liofilizados ressuspensos em soro fetal bovino (SFB). Avaliação da genotoxicidade e da citotoxicidade dos PAMs, nos eritrócitos da medula óssea, também foi realizada a partir de 24 horas da aplicação da amostra. Foi verificado que a amostra causa alterações em algumas populações leucocitárias e afeta a viabilidade das células peritoneais, porém essas mudanças foram leves e temporárias. Além disso, a amostra estudada não causa qualquer efeito genotóxico e citotóxico aos eritrócitos da medula óssea. Não foi possível visualizar, por microscopia de luz, a presença de aglomerados de nanopartículas nos órgãos estudados, exceto nos pulmões de um animal analisado após 24 horas da aplicação da amostra. Não foi verificada qualquer alteração histológica no fígado e no baço, porém os pulmões de todos os animais analisados apresentaram septos alveolares espessados e infiltrados inflamatórios, embora tais efeitos também tenham sido encontrados nos grupos tratados com SFB utilizado como diluente da amostra liofilizada. Os resultados observados indicam que os PAMs podem ser considerados biocompatíveis nas condições estudadas, com potencial significativo para aplicações biomédicas. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTNanotechnology is an area related to the research and development of materials that present at least one of its dimensions in nanometric scale. Among the nanostructured materials, the magnetic nanoparticles represent an interesting use in biomedical applications, in both diagnosis and treatment of several diseases. The aim of the present research was to study the biocompatibility of magnetic albumin polymers (PAMs) intraperitoneally injected in Swiss female mice. PAM was developed from maghemite nanoparticles contained in an ionic magnetic fluid sample encapsulated in albumin polymers. Cytometry analysis, viability test of peritoneal leukocytes, and histological analysis of liver, lungs, and spleen were done 30 minutes; 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours; and 7, 15 and 30 days after the administration of lyophilized PAMs dilluted in bovine serum albumin (BSA). Evaluation of PAMs genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in bone marrow erythrocytes, was done 24 hours after the sample application. It was verified that PAMs cause alterations in some leukocyte populations and affect the viability of peritoneal cells; however these changes are light and temporary. More over, the studied sample does not present any genotoxicity or cytotoxicity effects in bone marrow erythrocytes. It was not possible to visualize by light microscopy analysis the presence of nanoparticle clusters in the investigated organs, except in the lungs of one animal analysed 24 hours after the sample application. It was not verified any histological alteration in the liver and spleen, but all animals lungs presented alveolar septs thickening and inflammatory infiltration, although these effects have been also found in control animals treated with the dilution solution BSA. The data suggest that in the used experimental conditions, the sample PAM can be considered as a biocompatible one, with significant potential for biomedical applications

Co-nanoencapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles and selol for breast tumor treatment: in vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity and magnetohyperthermia efficacy

Antitumor activities have been described in selol, a hydrophobic mixture of molecules containing selenium in their structure, and also in maghemite magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Both selol and MNPs were co-encapsulated within poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocapsules for therapeutic purposes. The PLGA-nanocapsules loaded with MNPs and selol were labeled MSE-NC and characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, electrophoretic mobility, photon correlation spectroscopy, presenting a monodisperse profile, and positive charge. The antitumor effect of MSE-NC was evaluated using normal (MCF-10A) and neoplastic (4T1 and MCF-7) breast cell lines. Nanocapsules containing only MNPs or selol were used as control. MTT assay showed that the cytotoxicity induced by MSE-NC was dose and time dependent. Normal cells were less affected than tumor cells. Cell death occurred mainly by apoptosis. Further exposure of MSE-NC treated neoplastic breast cells to an alternating magnetic field increased the antitumor effect of MSE-NC. It was concluded that selol-loaded magnetic PLGA-nanocapsules (MSE-NC) represent an effective magnetic material platform to promote magnetohyperthermia and thus a potential system for antitumor therapy.Rede CON-NANO/CAPESRede CONNANO/CAPESINCTNanobiotechnologia/MCT/CNPqINCT-Nanobiotechnologia/MCT/CNPqFAP-DFFAPDFFAPESPFAPESP [2009/13208-3]DPP/UnBDPP/UnBCNANO/IB/UnBCNANO/IB/UnBPolish State Committee for Scientific ResearchPolish State Committee for Scientific Research [N N 202 166440, N N 405 360639

Evening Telegram, 1910-04-06

The Evening Telegram began publication in St. John's on 3 April 1879 and remains in print today under the title The Telegram. It was published daily except Sunday through to 1958, the frequency changing thereafter. -- The total collection has been split into several parts; this portion contains from 1900-1918

Successful Strategy for Targeting the Central Nervous System Using Magnetic Albumin Nanospheres

This study reports on the successful use of magnetic albumin nanosphere (MAN), consisting of maghemite nanoparticles hosted by albumin-based nanosphere, to target different sites within the central nervous system (CNS). Ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the material collected from the mice was performed in the time window of 30 minutes up to 30 days after administration. Evidence found that the administered MAN was initially internalized and transported by erythrocytes across the blood-brain-barrier and transferred to glial cells and neuropils before internalization by neurons, mainly in the cerebellum. We hypothesize that the efficiency of MAN in crossing the BBB with no pathological alterations is due to the synergistic effect of its two main components, the iron-based nanosized particles and the hosting albumin-based nanospheres. We found that the MAN in targeting the CNS represents an important step towards the design of nanosized materials for clinical and diagnostic applications.CAPESCAPESMCT/CNPqMCT/CNPqFINEPFINEPFINATECFINATECFAPDFFAP-DFFAPESPFAPES