Classification of Satellite Images by means of Fuzzy Rules generated by a Genetic Algorithm

The data acquired by Remote Sensing systems allow obtaining thematic maps of the earth's surface, by means of the registered image classification. This implies the identification and categorization of all pixels into land cover classes. Traditionally, methods based on statistical parameters have been widely used, although they show some disadvantages. Nevertheless, some authors indicate that those methods based on artificial intelligence, may be a good alternative. Thus, fuzzy classifiers, which are based on Fuzzy Logic, include additional information in the classification process through based-rule systems. In this work, we propose the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) to select the optimal and minimum set of fuzzy rules to classify remotely sensed images. Input information of GA has been obtained through the training space determined by two uncorrelated spectral bands (2D scatter diagrams), which has been irregularly divided by five linguistic terms defined in each band. The proposed methodology has been applied to Landsat-TM images and it has showed that this set of rules provides a higher accuracy level in the classification proces

Summary of the TCI findings in BD and healthy controls from previous studies. We present only the TCI traits that we have found to be significantly different in bipolar patients and healthy controls.

<p>N: number of individuals.</p><p>HA: Harm Avoidance. P: Persistence. SD: Self-Directedness. C: Cooperativeness. ST: Self-Transcendence.</p><p>BP I: bipolar I patients. BP II: bipolar II patients. BP: BP I+BP II.</p><p><b>+</b> Higher in patients than in controls.</p><p><b>−</b> Lower in patients than in controls.</p><p>n.s. non significant difference between patients and controls. n.m. not measured.</p>*<p>Other diagnostic groups were studied in addition to bipolar patients.</p><p>HRSD Hamilton’s Rating Scale for Depression.</p><p>MADRS Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.</p><p>YMRS Young’s Mania Rating Scale.</p><p>UR = unaffected relatives.</p

Multivariate analysis of the influence of the COMT genotype on TCI traits in bipolar patients.

<p>The table shows the mean values and the 95% confidence intervals for the TCI dimensions in which there were statistically significant effects of COMT genotype.</p><p>NS: Novelty seeking. The values of the Met/Met genotype are greater than the Val/Val genotype.</p><p>SD: Self-Directedness. The values of the Met/Met genotype are lower than the Val/Met genotype.</p><p>C: Cooperativeness. The values of the Val/Val genotype are lower than the Val/Met genotype.</p

Description of the groups of patients and controls.

<p>N: number of individuals.</p><p>One DNA sample was lost.</p

TCI scores (mean ± sd) of patients and controls.

<p>N = number of individuals.</p><p>t = Student’s t test.</p><p>W = Mann-Whitney test.</p>*<p>denotes a significant difference between patients and controls.</p

The Influence of the Val158Met Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Polymorphism on the Personality Traits of Bipolar Patients

INTRODUCTION: Certain personality traits and genetic polymorphisms are contributing factors to bipolar disorder and its symptomatology, and in turn, this syndrome influences personality. The aim of the present study is to compare the personality traits of euthymic bipolar patients with healthy controls and to investigate the effect of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met genotype on those traits. We recruited thirty seven bipolar I patients in euthymic state following a manic episode and thirty healthy controls and evaluated their personality by means of the Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (version TCI-R-140). We assessed the influence of the polymorphism Val158Met in the COMT gene on the personality of these patients. The patients scored higher than controls in harm avoidance (61.3±12.5 vs. 55.3±8.1) and self-transcendence (45.3±12.8 vs. 32.7±8.2) and scored lower than controls in self-directedness (68.8±13.3 vs. 79.3±8.1), cooperativeness (77.1±9.1 vs. 83.9±6.5) and persistence (60.4±15.1 vs. 67.1±8.9). The novelty seeking dimension associates with the Val158Met COMT genotype; patients with the low catabolic activity genotype, Met/Met, show a higher score than those with the high catabolic activity genotype, Val/Val. CONCLUSIONS: Suffering from bipolar disorder could have an impact on personality. A greater value in harm avoidance may be a genetic marker for a vulnerability to the development of a psychiatric disorder, but not bipolar disorder particularly, while a low value in persistence may characterize affective disorders or a subgroup of bipolar patients. The association between novelty seeking scores and COMT genotype may be linked with the role dopamine plays in the brain’s reward circuits