Spring 2021: Junior Girls

https://griffinshare.fontbonne.edu/fas-205-projects/1010/thumbnail.jp

The morphology of UHMWPE wear debris generated by a hip joint simulator

The size, quantity and shape of total hip replacement wear debris may identify wear mechanisms as well as play a role in osteolysis. Characterization of wear particles generated from a hip joint simulator was conducted followed by comparison with literature reported in vivo results. The effect of counterface material and lubricant type on particle morphology was assessed. Biomaterial pairs including UHMWPE articulated against CoCr, Alumina and Zirconia were considered. Deionized (D.I.) water and bovine serum were used as lubricants. Particles generated from Alumina/UHMWPE in serum were slightly larger than those for CoCr and Zirconia against UHMWPE in serum. Particle shape for these materials in serum were similar, with two types including a round or egg shaped submicron one and an elongated fibrous 1-2 micron one. Particles from CoCr against UHMWPE in D.I. water were flake like in shape and in the millimeter size range with some in the 5 micron range as well. The water condition produced particles dissimilar to the others. Literature reported clinical findings supported the particle types and sizes generated under serum while those generated in water were not supported in the literature. The in vitro simulator was found to accurately reproduce in vivo wear mechanisms under serum lubrication based on debris characterization results

Sixth Amendment; Right to Counsel; Multiple Representation; Cuyler v. Sullivan

In Cuyler v. Sullivan, the Supreme Court finally resolved two important issues in the areas of criminal law and the sixth amendment right to counsel. In this case, the Court is faced with a situation with which it has dealt but twice before: joint representation of criminal defendants. Cuyler represents the culmination of the legal inquiry into the problems inherent whenever a single attorney represents more than one defendant in a criminal proceeding

Municipal Annexation in Ohio

The adoption of aggressive municipal annexation programs by many cities in Ohio has often resulted in controversy. This is especially true in the City of Akron where recent attempts to annex large sections of neighboring townships have met with strong resistance from residents. The animosity created by this issue has made cooperation between the city and the townships virtually impossible, resulting in both an ineffective government and an inefficient use of resources. To resolve this conflict, the parties have engaged in protracted legal battles which test recent statutory changes in the law of annexation in Ohio. The outcome of these cases may lead to significant developments in the legal arsenal of annexation opponents. This comment will examine policy considerations both supporting and opposing annexation as well as the statutory scheme for annexation in Ohio, placing special emphasis on recent court tests

Robert J. Flaherty (1884-1951)

Robert J. Flaherty is probably best remembered for his first film, Nanook of the North. Less well known are his experiences as an arctic prospector-explorer on the Mackenzie expeditions and the exploration of the remote Belcher Islands. ... His love for a primitive, unsophisticated way of life developed early, and as a young man, Flaherty persued a career as explorer, prospector, and railroader. He worked in a Michigan copper mine and for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, and he prospected for marble on Vancouver Island and for iron ore at Lake Huron and the Mattagami River. It was while his father was employed by Mackenzie and Mann in Toronto that Flaherty met Sir William Mackenzie. ... It was Mackenzie's judgment of men and his receptiveness to new ideas that helped start Flaherty on his career as a filmmaker. ... from the Inuit ... Flaherty learned of the Belcher islands. Their descriptions led him to believe he would find mineral deposits there. He reported his findings to Mackenzie, who excitedly asked him to make a second expedition. Flaherty set out on this 19-month-long expedition in 1911. ... During the summer of 1912 he made a cross-section of an area of over 30 million hectares. Upon returning to Lower Canada, he again reported his findings to Mackenzie. Although at the time his survey results were thought to be mineralogically unimportant and economically unfeasible to work, their significance was later realized. Mackenzie, impressed by the Inuit tales, insisted Flaherty should go to the Belcher Islands by proper ship. ... Early in 1914 Flaherty began filming Inuit women, igloo building, conjuring dances, sledging, and seal hunting. ... In 1920 Flaherty met Captain Thierry Mallet of Revillon Freres, who agreed to finance a filmmaking expedition to the company's sub-arctic fur trading post, Port Harrison on Cape Dufferin. Departing in August 1920, he travelled up the Innusuk River with a group of Inuit who had agreed to participate in the project. He filmed under the harshest of circumstances for man, camera, and film, journeying as far as 960 km to shoot a bear-hunting scene. He returned home in August 1921. Nanook of the North (1920-1921) was the beginning of Flaherty's filmmaking career. His passion to communicate his experiences resulted in other films, in all of which a recurrent theme occurs: through their struggle with nature, human beings are purified, cleansed, and achieve maturity and dignity. ... His achievements under incredibly severe hardships assure his place not only in the history of Canada, but of the world. As an arctic explorer, Flaherty's contributions were significant. Today, untold wealth is mined in Ungava and the Belchers. As a filmmaker, Flaherty's contributions were monumental, creating a documentary film tradition that continues to engage audiences and to influence filmmakers

Genetic analysis of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha/cachectin promoter region in a macrophage cell line.

The 615-bp 5' flanking region of the human TNF-alpha/cachectin gene was isolated and ligated to the luciferase reporter gene. In addition, a series of truncated promoter constructs was generated by exonuclease III digestion. The promoter activity of these constructs was studied in a transient transfection system using the TNF-alpha-producing U937 cell line. Full-length and truncated TNF promoter constructions extending from -615 to -95 bp relative to the transcription start site (TSS) could be induced by phorbol esters. A construct truncated to within 36 bp of the TSS (and within 11 bp of the TATAA box) was inactive. Therefore, the phorbol ester responsive is localized in the TNF/cachectin promoter to a relatively short region proximal to the TATAA box

An evaluation of the need for critically refined purification procedures in fluorescent carbon dot syntheses : the ramifications of the ubiquitous presence of reaction by-products on quenchometric and light harvesting applications

Fluorescent carbon dots constitute a novel and intriguing class of nanocarbons that display unique optical properties and can be purportedly generated from virtually any carbon-containing source. For example, the thermal pyrolysis of human urine results in the formation of fluorescent nanocarbons, whose spectroscopic properties are dependent on the diet of the urine donor, a scenario potentially leading to heteroatom doping of the carbonaceous nanomaterials. Furthermore, these nanocarbons' alluring electron donor/acceptor capabilities afford their implementation as dual reducing and capping agents towards the formation of metal nanoparticle/carbon dot composites that possess a high degree of optical tunability. The ability to modulate the spectroscopic properties of both these materials holds promise for exploitation in solar energy harvesting applications as green sensitizers and plasmonic enhancers. However, these nanocarbons' distinguishing luminescent properties, whose origin continues to elude the field, has recently come under scrutiny due to the presence of highly fluorescent, molecular by-products generated in route to the target nanocarbon, resulting in the widespread misrepresentation of their emission characteristics. Thus, this detrimental issue of insufficient by-product removal and the subsequent effects on reported nanocarbon luminescence, as well as common applications, namely, quenchometric detection and photosensitizers, are addressed here, providing a path forward for arriving at a fundamental understanding of these promising nanocarbons and their true properties.Includes bibliographical references

Transient axonal glycoprotein-1 (TAG-1) and laminin-α1 regulate dynamic growth cone behaviors and initial axon direction in vivo

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>How axon guidance signals regulate growth cone behavior and guidance decisions in the complex <it>in vivo </it>environment of the central nervous system is not well understood. We have taken advantage of the unique features of the zebrafish embryo to visualize dynamic growth cone behaviors and analyze guidance mechanisms of axons emerging from a central brain nucleus <it>in vivo</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We investigated axons of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle (nucMLF), which are the first axons to extend in the zebrafish midbrain. Using <it>in vivo </it>time-lapse imaging, we show that both positive axon-axon interactions and guidance by surrounding tissue control initial nucMLF axon guidance. We further show that two guidance molecules, transient axonal glycoprotein-1 (TAG-1) and laminin-α1, are essential for the initial directional extension of nucMLF axons and their subsequent convergence into a tight fascicle. Fixed tissue analysis shows that TAG-1 knockdown causes errors in nucMLF axon pathfinding similar to those seen in a laminin-α1 mutant. However, <it>in vivo </it>time-lapse imaging reveals that while some defects in dynamic growth cone behavior are similar, there are also defects unique to the loss of each gene. Loss of either TAG-1 or laminin-α1 causes nucMLF axons to extend into surrounding tissue in incorrect directions and reduces axonal growth rate, resulting in stunted nucMLF axons that fail to extend beyond the hindbrain. However, defects in axon-axon interactions were found only after TAG-1 knockdown, while defects in initial nucMLF axon polarity and excessive branching of nucMLF axons occurred only in laminin-α1 mutants.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results demonstrate how two guidance cues, TAG-1 and laminin-α1, influence the behavior of growth cones during axon pathfinding <it>in vivo</it>. Our data suggest that TAG-1 functions to allow growth cones to sense environmental cues and mediates positive axon-axon interactions. Laminin-α1 does not regulate axon-axon interactions, but does influence neuronal polarity and directional guidance.</p