The gap gene Krüppel of Rhodnius prolixus is required for segmentation and for repression of the homeotic gene sex comb-reduced

AbstractThe establishment of the anterior–posterior segmentation in insects requires the concerted action of a hierarchical gene network. Here, we study the orthologue of Krüppel gap gene in the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus (Rp-Kr). We characterized its structure, expression pattern and function. The genomic sequence upstream of the Rp-Kr transcriptional unit shows a putative regulatory region conserved in the orthologue genes from Drosophila melanogaster and Tribolium castaneum. Rp-Kr expression is zygotic and it is expressed in the anterior half of the embryo (the posterior half of the egg) during the blastoderm stage and germ band formation; later, during germ band extension, it is expressed in a central domain, from T2 to A3. The Rp-Kr loss of function phenotypes shows disrupted thoracic and abdominal segmentation. Embryos with weak segmentation phenotypes show homeotic transformations, in which an ectopic tibial comb, typical of T1 leg, appears in T2, which correlates with the ectopic expression of Rp-sex-comb reduced in this leg

The gap gene Krüppel of Rhodnius prolixus is required for segmentation and for repression of the homeotic gene sex comb-reduced

The establishment of the anterior-posterior segmentation in insects requires the concerted action of a hierarchical gene network. Here, we study the orthologue of Krüppel gap gene in the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus (Rp-Kr). We characterized its structure, expression pattern and function. The genomic sequence upstream of the Rp-Kr transcriptional unit shows a putative regulatory region conserved in the orthologue genes from Drosophila melanogaster and Tribolium castaneum. Rp-Kr expression is zygotic and it is expressed in the anterior half of the embryo (the posterior half of the egg) during the blastoderm stage and germ band formation; later, during germ band extension, it is expressed in a central domain, from T2 to A3. The Rp-Kr loss of function phenotypes shows disrupted thoracic and abdominal segmentation. Embryos with weak segmentation phenotypes show homeotic transformations, in which an ectopic tibial comb, typical of T1 leg, appears in T2, which correlates with the ectopic expression of Rp-sex-comb reduced in this leg.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

The gap gene giant of Rhodnius prolixus is maternally expressed and required for proper head and abdomen formation

The segmentation process in insects depends on a hierarchical cascade of gene activity. The first effectors downstream of the maternal activation are the gap genes, which divide the embryo in broad fields. We discovered a sequence corresponding to the leucine-zipper domain of the orthologue of the gene giant (Rp- gt) in traces from the genome of Rhodnius prolixus, a hemipteran with intermediate germ-band development. We cloned the Rp- gt gene from a normalized cDNA library and characterized its expression and function. Bioinformatic analysis of 12.5. kbp of genomic sequence containing the Rp- gt transcriptional unit shows a cluster of bona fide regulatory binding sites, which is similar in location and structure to the predicted posterior expression domain of the Drosophila orthologue. Rp-gt is expressed in ovaries and maternally supplied in the early embryo. The maternal contribution forms a gradient of scattered patches of mRNA in the preblastoderm embryo. Zygotic Rp-gt is expressed in two domains that after germ band extension are restricted to the head and the posterior growth zone. Parental RNAi shows that Rp-gt is required for proper head and abdomen formation. The head lacks mandibulary and maxillary appendages and shows reduced clypeus-labrum, while the abdomen lacks anterior segments. We conclude that Rp-gt is a gap gene on the head and abdomen and, in addition, has a function in patterning the anterior head capsule suggesting that the function of gt in hemipterans is more similar to dipterans than expected.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) transcriptomic analysis and neuropeptidomics

Stinkbugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are of major economic importance as pest of crops. Among the species composing the stinkbug complex, Nezara viridula is one of the most abundant in Brazil, Argentina and the Southern USA. However, this species has been poorly characterized at the genetic and physiological level. Here we sequenced and analyzed the complete transcriptome of N. viridula male and female adults. We identified neuropeptide precursor genes and G-protein coupled receptors for neuropeptides in this transcriptome. Mature neuropeptides were identified in N. viridula brain extracts by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We also analyzed the neuropeptide precursor complement in the genome sequence of Halyomorpha halys, another pentatomid of economic relevance. We compared the results in both pentatomids with the well-characterized neuropeptide repertoire from the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). We identified both group-specific features (which could be related to the different feeding habits) and similarities that could be characteristic of Heteroptera. This work contributes to a deeper knowledge of the genetic information of these pests, with a focus on neuroendocrine system characterization.Fil: Lavore, Andres Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (Sede Pergamino); ArgentinaFil: Pérez Gianmarco, Lucila Maité. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (Sede Pergamino); Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Esponda Behrens, Natalia Irene. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Palacio, Victorio Gabriel. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (Sede Pergamino); ArgentinaFil: Catalano, María Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (Sede Pergamino); ArgentinaFil: Rivera Pomar, Rolando. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (Sede Pergamino); Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos; ArgentinaFil: Ons, Sheila. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

The gap gene giant of Rhodnius prolixus is maternally expressed and required for proper head and abdomen formation

The segmentation process in insects depends on a hierarchical cascade of gene activity. The first effectors downstream of the maternal activation are the gap genes, which divide the embryo in broad fields. We discovered a sequence corresponding to the leucine-zipper domain of the orthologue of the gene giant (Rp- gt) in traces from the genome of Rhodnius prolixus, a hemipteran with intermediate germ-band development. We cloned the Rp- gt gene from a normalized cDNA library and characterized its expression and function. Bioinformatic analysis of 12.5. kbp of genomic sequence containing the Rp- gt transcriptional unit shows a cluster of bona fide regulatory binding sites, which is similar in location and structure to the predicted posterior expression domain of the Drosophila orthologue. Rp-gt is expressed in ovaries and maternally supplied in the early embryo. The maternal contribution forms a gradient of scattered patches of mRNA in the preblastoderm embryo. Zygotic Rp-gt is expressed in two domains that after germ band extension are restricted to the head and the posterior growth zone. Parental RNAi shows that Rp-gt is required for proper head and abdomen formation. The head lacks mandibulary and maxillary appendages and shows reduced clypeus-labrum, while the abdomen lacks anterior segments. We conclude that Rp-gt is a gap gene on the head and abdomen and, in addition, has a function in patterning the anterior head capsule suggesting that the function of gt in hemipterans is more similar to dipterans than expected.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

The gap gene Krüppel of Rhodnius prolixus is required for segmentation and for repression of the homeotic gene sex comb-reduced

The establishment of the anterior-posterior segmentation in insects requires the concerted action of a hierarchical gene network. Here, we study the orthologue of Krüppel gap gene in the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus (Rp-Kr). We characterized its structure, expression pattern and function. The genomic sequence upstream of the Rp-Kr transcriptional unit shows a putative regulatory region conserved in the orthologue genes from Drosophila melanogaster and Tribolium castaneum. Rp-Kr expression is zygotic and it is expressed in the anterior half of the embryo (the posterior half of the egg) during the blastoderm stage and germ band formation; later, during germ band extension, it is expressed in a central domain, from T2 to A3. The Rp-Kr loss of function phenotypes shows disrupted thoracic and abdominal segmentation. Embryos with weak segmentation phenotypes show homeotic transformations, in which an ectopic tibial comb, typical of T1 leg, appears in T2, which correlates with the ectopic expression of Rp-sex-comb reduced in this leg.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Genome of Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite infection

Rhodnius prolixus not only has served as a model organism for the study of insect physiology, but also is a major vector of Chagas disease, an illness that affects approximately seven million people worldwide. We sequenced the genome of R. prolixus, generated assembled sequences covering 95% of the genome (∼702 Mb), including 15,456 putative protein-coding genes, and completed comprehensive genomic analyses of this obligate blood-feeding insect. Although immunedeficiency (IMD)-mediated immune responses were observed, R. prolixus putatively lacks key components of the IMD pathway, suggesting a reorganization of the canonical immune signaling network. Although both Toll and IMD effectors controlled intestinal microbiota, neither affected Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, implying the existence of evasion or tolerance mechanisms. R. prolixus has experienced an extensive loss of selenoprotein genes, with its repertoire reduced to only two proteins, one of which is a selenocysteine-based glutathione peroxidase, the first found in insects. The genome contained actively transcribed, horizontally transferred genes from Wolbachia sp., which showed evidence of codon use evolution toward the insect use pattern. Comparative protein analyses revealed many lineage-specific expansions and putative gene absences in R. prolixus, including tandem expansions of genes related to chemoreception, feeding, and digestion that possibly contributed to the evolution of a blood-feeding lifestyle. The genome assembly and these associated analyses provide critical information on the physiology and evolution of this important vector species and should be instrumental for the development of innovative disease control methods.La lista completa de autores que integran el documento puede consultarse en el archivoEste documento tiene una corrección (ver documento relacionado).Centro Regional de Estudios GenómicosInstituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plat

Genome of Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite infection

Rhodnius prolixus not only has served as a model organism for the study of insect physiology, but also is a major vector of Chagas disease, an illness that affects approximately seven million people worldwide. We sequenced the genome of R. prolixus, generated assembled sequences covering 95% of the genome (?702 Mb), including 15,456 putative protein-coding genes, and completed comprehensive genomic analyses of this obligate blood-feeding insect. Although immunedeficiency (IMD)-mediated immune responses were observed, R. prolixus putatively lacks key components of the IMD pathway, suggesting a reorganization of the canonical immune signaling network. Although both Toll and IMD effectors controlled intestinal microbiota, neither affected Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, implying the existence of evasion or tolerance mechanisms. R. prolixus has experienced an extensive loss of selenoprotein genes, with its repertoire reduced to only two proteins, one of which is a selenocysteine-based glutathione peroxidase, the first found in insects. The genome contained actively transcribed, horizontally transferred genes from Wolbachia sp., which showed evidence of codon use evolution toward the insect use pattern. Comparative protein analyses revealed many lineage-specific expansions and putative gene absences in R. prolixus, including tandem expansions of genes related to chemoreception, feeding, and digestion that possibly contributed to the evolution of a blood-feeding lifestyle. The genome assembly and these associated analyses provide critical information on the physiology and evolution of this important vector species and should be instrumental for the development of innovative disease control methods.Fil: Calderón Fernández, Gustavo Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner"; ArgentinaFil: Esponda Behrens, Natalia Irene. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Juarez, Marta Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner"; ArgentinaFil: Latorre Estivalis, Jose Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia en Entomología Molecular; BrasilFil: Lavore, Andres Esteban. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Lazzari, Claudio Ricardo. Université François Rabelais; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lorenzo, Marcelo Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia en Entomología Molecular; BrasilFil: Ons, Sheila. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Pagola, Lucia Elena. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Pascual, Agustina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Pedrini, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner"; ArgentinaFil: Sterkel, Marcos. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentin

Estudios funcionales comparados de la evolución de la segmentación en insectos

La presente tesis comprende una revisión del desarrollo de Rhodnius prolixus (Stähl, 1859); anotación de genes del desarrollo temprano y estudios de expresión y funcionales de dos de esos genes. El objetivo general ha sido aportar datos que contribuyan a establecer redes génicas como blanco de la evolución de la forma en los insectos. Los objetivos específicos fueron: Identificar y anotar en el genoma de R.prolixus genes ortólogos a los genes HOX de Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830); caracterizar el cluster HOX y determinar la función de genes HOX mediante genómica funcional. Se identificaron 70 genes, la mayoría de ellos correspondientes al grupo de TF con homeobox. Se analizaron, curaron y anotaron 26 secuencias; incluyendo a los ocho HOX canónicos. Se logró demostrar que los genes HOX de R.prolixus están agrupados en un cluster y se plantean cinco agrupamientos probables. Los ensayos funcionales se realizaron usando un gen HOX ‒scr‒ y un activador HOX ‒caudal‒ involucrado en el establecimiento del eje anteroposterior. Para ello, se pusieron a punto las técnicas de hibridación in situ de embriones completos ‒WMISH‒ y de ARNi parental. La expresión de scr mostró un patrón acorde a lo esperado en relación a las observaciones hechas en otros insectos. La ARNi mostró variantes en comparación con especies relacionadas, pero se ajusta muy bien a lo esperado. La expresión de caudal muestra las siguientes similitudes con respecto a otras especies estudiadas: (1) actúa tempranamente como gen de efecto materno, (2) se expresa en la región posterior del huevo en estado de blastodermo, (3) los efectos de la ARNi son semejantes a los encontrados en otros insectos de banda germinal corta. Sin embargo, en estados de banda germinal, los resultados de expresión difieren respecto a otras observaciones, esto puede estar en relación con mecanismos de sañalización aún no descriptos para este gen.This thesis deals with the embryology of Rhodnius prolixus (Stähl, 1859), the establishment of functional techniques in this new developmental model (whole mount in situ hybridization ‒WMISH‒ and parental RNAi), the annotation of early developmental genes, and the functional assay for two of those genes, Sex combs-reduced (Rp-Scr) and caudal (Rp-cad). The aim of the investigation is to contribute to define and understand the basic components of developmental genetic networks that are target of evolutionary processes that shape insect morphology. The goals are to indentify and annotate orthologs to the HOX genes of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830) in the R .prolixus genome, characterize the HOX cluster and determine the HOX function in R. prolixus by means of functional genomics. Seventy genes were identified, mostly homeobox-containing transcription factors. Twentysix sequences were analysed in detail, cured and annotated, including the eight canonical HOX. The results showed that the HOX genes of R. prolixus are clustered and five plausible organizations were proposed. The functional assays were performed by using the HOX gene Rp-Scr and the activator Rp-cad , involved in the anteroposterior axis patterning. Rp-Scr expression was similar to other insects. Rp-Scr RNAi showed some variants compared to related species, but it was in agreement with its known function, which was relevant to validate the techniques developed. Rp-cad expression showed that (1) it function early as a maternal gene, (2) it is expressed in the posterior of the egg in blastoderm stage, (3) the RNAi effects shows a posterior-to-anterio effect. In the germband stage, the expression suggests a long distance signalling mechanism at work.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Estudios funcionales comparados de la evolución de la segmentación en insectos

La presente tesis comprende una revisión del desarrollo de Rhodnius prolixus (Stähl, 1859); anotación de genes del desarrollo temprano y estudios de expresión y funcionales de dos de esos genes. El objetivo general ha sido aportar datos que contribuyan a establecer redes génicas como blanco de la evolución de la forma en los insectos. Los objetivos específicos fueron: Identificar y anotar en el genoma de R.prolixus genes ortólogos a los genes HOX de Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830); caracterizar el cluster HOX y determinar la función de genes HOX mediante genómica funcional. Se identificaron 70 genes, la mayoría de ellos correspondientes al grupo de TF con homeobox. Se analizaron, curaron y anotaron 26 secuencias; incluyendo a los ocho HOX canónicos. Se logró demostrar que los genes HOX de R.prolixus están agrupados en un cluster y se plantean cinco agrupamientos probables. Los ensayos funcionales se realizaron usando un gen HOX ‒scr‒ y un activador HOX ‒caudal‒ involucrado en el establecimiento del eje anteroposterior. Para ello, se pusieron a punto las técnicas de hibridación in situ de embriones completos ‒WMISH‒ y de ARNi parental. La expresión de scr mostró un patrón acorde a lo esperado en relación a las observaciones hechas en otros insectos. La ARNi mostró variantes en comparación con especies relacionadas, pero se ajusta muy bien a lo esperado. La expresión de caudal muestra las siguientes similitudes con respecto a otras especies estudiadas: (1) actúa tempranamente como gen de efecto materno, (2) se expresa en la región posterior del huevo en estado de blastodermo, (3) los efectos de la ARNi son semejantes a los encontrados en otros insectos de banda germinal corta. Sin embargo, en estados de banda germinal, los resultados de expresión difieren respecto a otras observaciones, esto puede estar en relación con mecanismos de sañalización aún no descriptos para este gen.This thesis deals with the embryology of Rhodnius prolixus (Stähl, 1859), the establishment of functional techniques in this new developmental model (whole mount in situ hybridization ‒WMISH‒ and parental RNAi), the annotation of early developmental genes, and the functional assay for two of those genes, Sex combs-reduced (Rp-Scr) and caudal (Rp-cad). The aim of the investigation is to contribute to define and understand the basic components of developmental genetic networks that are target of evolutionary processes that shape insect morphology. The goals are to indentify and annotate orthologs to the HOX genes of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830) in the R .prolixus genome, characterize the HOX cluster and determine the HOX function in R. prolixus by means of functional genomics. Seventy genes were identified, mostly homeobox-containing transcription factors. Twentysix sequences were analysed in detail, cured and annotated, including the eight canonical HOX. The results showed that the HOX genes of R. prolixus are clustered and five plausible organizations were proposed. The functional assays were performed by using the HOX gene Rp-Scr and the activator Rp-cad , involved in the anteroposterior axis patterning. Rp-Scr expression was similar to other insects. Rp-Scr RNAi showed some variants compared to related species, but it was in agreement with its known function, which was relevant to validate the techniques developed. Rp-cad expression showed that (1) it function early as a maternal gene, (2) it is expressed in the posterior of the egg in blastoderm stage, (3) the RNAi effects shows a posterior-to-anterio effect. In the germband stage, the expression suggests a long distance signalling mechanism at work.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse