The VVV Templates Project. Towards an Automated Classification of VVV Light-Curves. I. Building a database of stellar variability in the near-infrared

Context. The Vista Variables in the V\'ia L\'actea (VVV) ESO Public Survey is a variability survey of the Milky Way bulge and an adjacent section of the disk carried out from 2010 on ESO Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA). VVV will eventually deliver a deep near-IR atlas with photometry and positions in five passbands (ZYJHK_S) and a catalogue of 1-10 million variable point sources - mostly unknown - which require classifications. Aims. The main goal of the VVV Templates Project, that we introduce in this work, is to develop and test the machine-learning algorithms for the automated classification of the VVV light-curves. As VVV is the first massive, multi-epoch survey of stellar variability in the near-infrared, the template light-curves that are required for training the classification algorithms are not available. In the first paper of the series we describe the construction of this comprehensive database of infrared stellar variability. Methods. First we performed a systematic search in the literature and public data archives, second, we coordinated a worldwide observational campaign, and third we exploited the VVV variability database itself on (optically) well-known stars to gather high-quality infrared light-curves of several hundreds of variable stars. Results. We have now collected a significant (and still increasing) number of infrared template light-curves. This database will be used as a training-set for the machine-learning algorithms that will automatically classify the light-curves produced by VVV. The results of such an automated classification will be covered in forthcoming papers of the series.Comment: 12 pages, 16 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in A&A. Most of the data are now accessible through http://www.vvvtemplates.org

Impacto del sexo del donante y del receptor en los niveles de hemoglobina de los receptores de riñón al año de seguimiento

Introdución: El trasplante renal es la mejor terapia de reemplazo renal, el cual depende de múltiples factores para un funcionamiento como condiciones del donador, del receptor y sociodemográficas. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del sexo de los donadores y receptores durante el primer año después del trasplante en los valores de hemoglobina. Material y Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva de receptores renales del 2014 al 2019, realizado en el Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (Ciudad de México). Se incluyeron a todos los trasplantados, excluyendo fallecidos, pérdida del injerto y pérdida de seguimiento en la institución. Se estudiaron sexo y edad del donante y receptor, tipo de donante renal (vivo o fallecido), hemoglobina antes del trasplante renal y la hemoglobina al año del trasplante, y creatinina sérica. Resultados: Se analizaron 914 pacientes, se excluyeron 109 por diversos motivos, quedando 805 pacientes que completaron los 12 meses de seguimiento. En el caso de donaciones de masculino a femenino, la mediana de hemoglobina del receptor a los 12 meses fue de 15,2 g/dL (Percentil 25-Percentil 75: 13,7-16,0 g/dL), de masculino a masculino de 15,2 g/dL (Percentil 25-Percentil 75: 13,4-16,6 g/dL), de femenino a femenino de 14,0 g/dL (Percentil 25-Percentil 75: 12,4-15,3 g/dL) y femenino de masculino de 13,5 g/dL (Percentil 25-Percentil 75: 12,5-14,8 g/dL). Conclusiones: Los niveles de hemoglogina no parecen estar influenciados por la masa nefronal, como sí otras funciones del injerto (depuración de creatinina). La regulación de la hemoglobina guarda relación con el sexo del receptor

Very high energy particle acceleration powered by the jets of the microquasar SS 433

SS 433 is a binary system containing a supergiant star that is overflowing its Roche lobe with matter accreting onto a compact object (either a black hole or neutron star). Two jets of ionized matter with a bulk velocity of $\sim0.26c$ extend from the binary, perpendicular to the line of sight, and terminate inside W50, a supernova remnant that is being distorted by the jets. SS 433 differs from other microquasars in that the accretion is believed to be super-Eddington, and the luminosity of the system is $\sim10^{40}$ erg s$^{-1}$. The lobes of W50 in which the jets terminate, about 40 pc from the central source, are expected to accelerate charged particles, and indeed radio and X-ray emission consistent with electron synchrotron emission in a magnetic field have been observed. At higher energies (>100 GeV), the particle fluxes of $\gamma$ rays from X-ray hotspots around SS 433 have been reported as flux upper limits. In this energy regime, it has been unclear whether the emission is dominated by electrons that are interacting with photons from the cosmic microwave background through inverse-Compton scattering or by protons interacting with the ambient gas. Here we report TeV $\gamma$-ray observations of the SS 433/W50 system where the lobes are spatially resolved. The TeV emission is localized to structures in the lobes, far from the center of the system where the jets are formed. We have measured photon energies of at least 25 TeV, and these are certainly not Doppler boosted, because of the viewing geometry. We conclude that the emission from radio to TeV energies is consistent with a single population of electrons with energies extending to at least hundreds of TeV in a magnetic field of $\sim16$~micro-Gauss.Comment: Preprint version of Nature paper. Contacts: S. BenZvi, B. Dingus, K. Fang, C.D. Rho , H. Zhang, H. Zho

Measurement of the Crab Nebula Spectrum Past 100 TeV with HAWC

We present TeV gamma-ray observations of the Crab Nebula, the standard reference source in ground-based gamma-ray astronomy, using data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory. In this analysis we use two independent energy-estimation methods that utilize extensive air shower variables such as the core position, shower angle, and shower lateral energy distribution. In contrast, the previously published HAWC energy spectrum roughly estimated the shower energy with only the number of photomultipliers triggered. This new methodology yields a much improved energy resolution over the previous analysis and extends HAWC's ability to accurately measure gamma-ray energies well beyond 100 TeV. The energy spectrum of the Crab Nebula is well fit to a log parabola shape $\left(\frac{dN}{dE} = \phi_0 \left(E/\textrm{7 TeV}\right)^{-\alpha-\beta\ln\left(E/\textrm{7 TeV}\right)}\right)$ with emission up to at least 100 TeV. For the first estimator, a ground parameter that utilizes fits to the lateral distribution function to measure the charge density 40 meters from the shower axis, the best-fit values are $\phi_o$=(2.35$\pm$0.04$^{+0.20}_{-0.21}$)$\times$10$^{-13}$ (TeV cm$^2$ s)$^{-1}$, $\alpha$=2.79$\pm$0.02$^{+0.01}_{-0.03}$, and $\beta$=0.10$\pm$0.01$^{+0.01}_{-0.03}$. For the second estimator, a neural network which uses the charge distribution in annuli around the core and other variables, these values are $\phi_o$=(2.31$\pm$0.02$^{+0.32}_{-0.17}$)$\times$10$^{-13}$ (TeV cm$^2$ s)$^{-1}$, $\alpha$=2.73$\pm$0.02$^{+0.03}_{-0.02}$, and $\beta$=0.06$\pm$0.01$\pm$0.02. The first set of uncertainties are statistical; the second set are systematic. Both methods yield compatible results. These measurements are the highest-energy observation of a gamma-ray source to date.Comment: published in Ap

VALORACIÓN PROFESIONAL DEL ANÁLISIS CRÍTICO SOBRE LA COMPETENCIA EDITORIAL DE LA POLÍTICA CIENTÍFICA DIVULGATIVA

La responsabilidad sobre la lectura, comprensión y comunicación científica resulta un proceso complejo donde se requiere capacitación previa y consolidada antes del posible desempeño como editor científico. El propósito del estudio fue valorar de forma profesional el análisis crítico sobre la competencia editorial de la política científica divulgativa. Se seleccionó de forma aleatoria, diezinvestigadores y se les aplicó, una evaluación que consistió en siete preguntas con base en capacitaciones previas a su desempeño: 1ro) metodología de la investigación con enfoque cualimétrico, 2do) comprensión de la comunicación científica, 3ro) gestión y vigilancia informativa, 4to) operación de programas digitales para la gestión editorial, 5to) maquetación editorial, 6to) proceso de arbitraje y 7mo) estrategias para la competencia responsable en la aceptación y edición científica. A cada pregunta fue asignada una puntuación siendo seleccionada la Revista Científica: The Biologist (Lima). Para aceptar cómo válida la competencia editorial sobre la política científica divulgativa se estableció una prueba de hipótesis con criterio de 90 puntos (media hipotética). Se aceptó la H1 (la formación para el desempeño editorial de la política científica divulgativa de los investigadores es competente), pues al comparar la tcal (-6,98) con la ttab (1,833), la misma fue menor siendo corroborada con el valor p (0,000) < ,005. Se concluyó que, fue aceptada la valoración profesional realizada por los investigadores ante el análisis crítico sobre la competencia editorial de la política científica divulgativa para la revista The Biologist (Lima)

CONSUMO NUTRICIONAL DE FRUTAS Y VEGETALES EN ICA, PERÚ: ESTUDIO POBLACIONAL PILOTO

La adquisición sostenible de fuentes naturales en vitaminas y minerales constituye una garantía a la salud pública. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el consumo nutricional de frutas y vegetales en una población piloto de Ica, Perú. Se realizó una observación no estructurada a distancia donde se seleccionó, dos puntos de ventas referidos al consumo de frutas y vegetales. Mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia se midió cada 15 días (sábado) en dos horarios (08:30–10:30 y 14:30–16:30), el consumo según el tipo de fruta mientras que, la frecuencia se comprobó por el número de personas que adquirieron, frutas y vegetales. Se observó que, los vegetales en la sección de la mañana correspondieron a las de preferencias para el consumo. Sin embargo, el número de personas fue en aumento durante los intervalos horarios de la tarde donde se indicó por parte de los mayoristas, la disminución del costo monetario ante la posibilidad de, no retornar o almacenar las frutas y vegetales. Se concluyó que, existió consumo por parte de la población piloto, lo cual fue un indicador de satisfacción para el bienestar de la salud y con ello, mostrar determinado estilo de vida saludable

Searching for TeV Dark Matter in Irregular dwarf galaxies with HAWC Observatory

We present the results of dark matter (DM) searches in a sample of 31 dwarf irregular (dIrr) galaxies within the field of view of the HAWC Observatory. dIrr galaxies are DM dominated objects, which astrophysical gamma-ray emission is estimated to be negligible with respect to the secondary gamma-ray flux expected by annihilation or decay of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). While we do not see any statistically significant DM signal in dIrr galaxies, we present the exclusion limits ($95\%~\text{C.L.}$) for annihilation cross-section and decay lifetime for WIMP candidates with masses between $1$ and $100~\text{TeV}$. Exclusion limits from dIrr galaxies are relevant and complementary to benchmark dwarf Spheroidal (dSph) galaxies. In fact, dIrr galaxies are targets kinematically different from benchmark dSph, preserving the footprints of different evolution histories. We compare the limits from dIrr galaxies to those from ultrafaint and classical dSph galaxies previously observed with HAWC. We find that the contraints are comparable to the limits from classical dSph galaxies and $\thicksim2$ orders of magnitude weaker than the ultrafaint dSph limits.Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures, 3 table

Study of the Very High Energy emission of M87 through its broadband spectral energy distribution

The radio galaxy M87 is the central dominant galaxy of the Virgo Cluster.Very High Energy (VHE,$\gtrsim 0.1$ TeV) emission, from M87 has been detectedby Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs ). Recently, marginal evidence forVHE long-term emission has also been observed by the High Altitude WaterCherenkov (HAWC) Observatory, a gamma ray and cosmic-ray detector array locatedin Puebla, Mexico. The mechanism that produces VHE emission in M87 remainsunclear. This emission is originated in its prominent jet, which has beenspatially resolved from radio to X-rays. In this paper, we constructed aspectral energy distribution from radio to gamma rays that is representative ofthe non-flaring activity of the source, and in order to explain the observedemission, we fit it with a lepto-hadronic emission model. We found that thismodel is able to explain non-flaring VHE emission of M87 as well as an orphanflare reported in 2005.<br