Metodval vid läs- och skrivinlärning i skolår 1 - Olika synsätt på hur barn lär sig läsa och skriva

Bakgrund och syfte Vi ville i vår studie undersöka hur läs och skrivundervisningen bedrevs i två klasser i skolår 1. Därför var vårt syfte att undersöka vilka metoder, arbetssätt, arbetsformer och förhållningssätt lärarna i de båda klasserna utövade. Vi ville också undersöka vad eleverna själva ansåg om behovet av att lära sig läsa och skriva. Metod För att få svar på våra frågeställningar genomförde vi en kvalitativ studie som inspirerats av den etnografiska metoden. Utifrån våra frågeställningar gjorde vi observationer och intervjuer med såväl barn som deras lärare samt en forskare vid Göteborgs universitet. Vi intervjuade sammanlagt åtta barn och två lärare, fyra barn i varje klass. Vi valde våra skolor väl medvetna om deras olika läs- och skrivmetoder. Intervjufrågorna till forskaren var halvstrukturerade med följdfrågor för att få mer fördjupade svar. För att få kunskap om barnens egna tankar och undvika ja och nej svar ställde vi öppna frågor som "Vad skulle hända om......". Resultat Alla barn lär sig att läsa och skriva men barn lär sig på olika sätt. För vissa barn är den syntetiska metoden med sin strukturerade inlärningsgång från del till helhet den bästa menar vissa forskare och lärare. Andra forskare och pedagoger föredrar den analytiska metoden som utgår från hela texter. Det finns ingen metod som är rätt eller fel vid läs- och skrivinlärning. Samtliga åtta elever vi intervjuade i de båda skolorna hade förstått poängen med att kunna läsa och skriva men bara två elever av de åtta nämnde läsningen för nöjes skull. I Tomteskolan nämnde tre av eleverna att de kunde läsa det som fröken sagt till dem att läsa. Läsningen skedde individuellt och språkmiljön kan beskrivas som tyst. I Trollskolan använde sig eleverna av varandra när de skulle läsa och samarbetet mellan eleverna var viktigt i deras läs- och skrivinlärning. Högläsningens betydelse var de båda lärarna mycket väl medvetna om men det var bara i den sociokulturellt präglade skolan som högläsning bedrevs dagligen i samlingen. Läraren i den mer behavioristiskt influerade skolan använde sig av högläsning "när det fanns tid till det". I de två skolorna var det behavioristiska respektive det sociokulturella synsättet påfallande tydligt i undervisningen. Språkmiljön kan beskrivas som flerstämmig

Cognitions and Beliefs Influencing the Use of Bed Nets for Malaria Prevention in Zanzibar

Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, affecting young children more than any other group. Insecticide treated bed nets provide efficient protection against malaria if used correctly and consistently. The Health Belief Model proposes that preventive health behaviour is influenced by individuals’ cognitions and beliefs. Qualitative interviews were conducted with parents (N=20) in Zanzibar to explore the cognitions influencing their use of bed nets for children under five. Malaria was perceived as severe and common for young children. Bed nets were considered efficient in preventing malaria. Reasons for not using were beliefs about low risk of infection due to low mosquito density in the hot seasons, and perceptions of bed nets causing heat. Mixed messages from different malaria prevention measures may have undesirable effects. These findings could be used to optimize the design of malaria prevention strategies

Cognitions and Beliefs Influencing the Use of Bed Nets for Malaria Prevention in Zanzibar

Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, affecting young children more than any other group. Insecticide treated bed nets provide efficient protection against malaria if used correctly and consistently. The Health Belief Model proposes that preventive health behaviour is influenced by individuals’ cognitions and beliefs. Qualitative interviews were conducted with parents (N=20) in Zanzibar to explore the cognitions influencing their use of bed nets for children under five. Malaria was perceived as severe and common for young children. Bed nets were considered efficient in preventing malaria. Reasons for not using were beliefs about low risk of infection due to low mosquito density in the hot seasons, and perceptions of bed nets causing heat. Mixed messages from different malaria prevention measures may have undesirable effects. These findings could be used to optimize the design of malaria prevention strategies

A qualitative study on caretakers' perceived need of bed-nets after reduced malaria transmission in Zanzibar, Tanzania

Abstract Background The elimination of malaria in Zanzibar is highly dependent on sustained effective coverage of bed-nets to avoid malaria resurgence. The Health Belief Model (HBM) framework was used to explore the perceptions of malaria and bed-net use after a noticeable reduction in malaria incidence. Methods Nineteen in-depth interviews were conducted with female and male caretakers of children under five in North A district, Zanzibar. Deductive content analysis was used to identify meaning units that were condensed, coded and assigned to pre-determined elements of the HBM. Results Awareness of malaria among caretakers was high but the illness was now seen as easily curable and uncommon. In addition to the perceived advantage of providing protection against malaria, bed-nets were also thought to be useful for avoiding mosquito nuisance, especially during the rainy season when the malaria and mosquito burden is high. The discomfort of sleeping under a net during the hot season was the main barrier that interrupted consistent bed-net usage. The main cue to using a bed-net was high mosquito density, and children were prioritized when it came to bed-net usage. Caretakers had high perceived self-efficacy and did not find it difficult to use bed-nets. Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), which was recognized as an additional means of mosquito prevention, was not identified as an alternative for bed-nets. A barrier to net ownership was the increasingly high cost of bed-nets. Conclusions Despite the reduction in malaria incidence and the resulting low malaria risk perceptions among caretakers, the benefit of bed-nets as the most proficient protection against mosquito bites upholds their use. This, in combination with the perceived high self-efficacy of caretakers, supports bed-net usage, while seasonality interrupts consistent use. High effective coverage of bed-nets could be further improved by reinforcing the benefits of bed-nets, addressing the seasonal heat barrier by using nets with larger mesh sizes and ensuring high bed-net ownership rates through sustainable and affordable delivery mechanisms.</p

Ventilatory settings in the initial 72 h and their association with outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: a preplanned secondary analysis of the targeted hypothermia versus targeted normothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (TTM2) trial

International audienc

Oxygen targets and 6-month outcome after out of hospital cardiac arrest: a pre-planned sub-analysis of the targeted hypothermia versus targeted normothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (TTM2) trial

International audienceAbstract Background Optimal oxygen targets in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest are uncertain. The primary aim of this study was to describe the values of partial pressure of oxygen values (PaO 2 ) and the episodes of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia occurring within the first 72 h of mechanical ventilation in out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. The secondary aim was to evaluate the association of PaO 2 with patients’ outcome. Methods Preplanned secondary analysis of the targeted hypothermia versus targeted normothermia after OHCA (TTM2) trial. Arterial blood gases values were collected from randomization every 4 h for the first 32 h, and then, every 8 h until day 3. Hypoxemia was defined as PaO 2  300 mmHg. Mortality and poor neurological outcome (defined according to modified Rankin scale) were collected at 6 months. Results 1418 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 64 ± 14 years, and 292 patients (20.6%) were female. 24.9% of patients had at least one episode of hypoxemia, and 7.6% of patients had at least one episode of severe hyperoxemia. Both hypoxemia and hyperoxemia were independently associated with 6-month mortality, but not with poor neurological outcome. The best cutoff point associated with 6-month mortality for hypoxemia was 69 mmHg (Risk Ratio, RR = 1.009, 95% CI 0.93–1.09), and for hyperoxemia was 195 mmHg (RR = 1.006, 95% CI 0.95–1.06). The time exposure, i.e., the area under the curve (PaO 2 -AUC), for hyperoxemia was significantly associated with mortality ( p = 0.003). Conclusions In OHCA patients, both hypoxemia and hyperoxemia are associated with 6-months mortality, with an effect mediated by the timing exposure to high values of oxygen. Precise titration of oxygen levels should be considered in this group of patients. Trial registration : clinicaltrials.gov NCT02908308 , Registered September 20, 2016