Goals: A Significant Tool for Protection of Mental and Physical Health

Human beings want to have mental and physical health, attach to life, and also have a happy life. In this process, they need several tools. The goals are the most important tool for a happy and healthy life. Goals help individuals become aware of problems in a timely fashion, which in turn leads to healthy solutions. Goals give direction for life of an individual, and also help avoid chaos. Goals can help motivate individual by clarifying and communicating what the individual is striving to achieve. In addition to these, goals are important determinants for physical and mental health. In this article, the history of goals in psychology, definition of goals, types of goals, transferring of goals for real life, relationships between goals and cultures, implementation programs which are goal oriented, goals in national literature, and also relationships between goals, physical and mental health have been briefly reviewed. As a result, many scientific disciplines could use goals as protective and preventive tools for mental and physical health of individuals

Life Span Developmental Approach

The Life Span Developmental Approach examines development of individuals which occurs from birth to death. Life span developmental approach is a multi-disciplinary approach related with disciplines like psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology and geriatrics that indicates the fact that development is not completed in adulthood, it continues during the life course. Development is a complex process that consists of dying and death. This approach carefully investigates the development of individuals with respect to developmental stages. This developmental approach suggests that scientific disciplines should not explain developmental facts only with age changes. Along with aging, cognitive, biological, and socioemotional development throughout life should also be considered to provide a reasonable and acceptable context, guideposts, and reasonable expectations for the person. There are three important subjects whom life span developmental approach deals with. These are nature vs nurture, continuity vs discontinuity, and change vs stability. Researchers using life span developmental approach gather and produce knowledge on these three most important domains of individual development with their unique scientific methodology

On Resource Allocation in Fading Multiple Access Channels - An Efficient Approximate Projection Approach

We consider the problem of rate and power allocation in a multiple-access channel. Our objective is to obtain rate and power allocation policies that maximize a general concave utility function of average transmission rates on the information theoretic capacity region of the multiple-access channel. Our policies does not require queue-length information. We consider several different scenarios. First, we address the utility maximization problem in a nonfading channel to obtain the optimal operating rates, and present an iterative gradient projection algorithm that uses approximate projection. By exploiting the polymatroid structure of the capacity region, we show that the approximate projection can be implemented in time polynomial in the number of users. Second, we consider resource allocation in a fading channel. Optimal rate and power allocation policies are presented for the case that power control is possible and channel statistics are available. For the case that transmission power is fixed and channel statistics are unknown, we propose a greedy rate allocation policy and provide bounds on the performance difference of this policy and the optimal policy in terms of channel variations and structure of the utility function. We present numerical results that demonstrate superior convergence rate performance for the greedy policy compared to queue-length based policies. In order to reduce the computational complexity of the greedy policy, we present approximate rate allocation policies which track the greedy policy within a certain neighborhood that is characterized in terms of the speed of fading.Comment: 32 pages, Submitted to IEEE Trans. on Information Theor

ESTIMATES OF DEMAND RELATIONSHIPS FOR APRICOTS AND APRICOT PRODUCTS

Apricots are a unique commodity in that they are used in four ways: for fresh markets and for canning, freezing, and drying. This article formulates a model of the demand system for this commodity and presents FIML and 2SLS estimates of the simultaneous components of the system. The empirical findings include estimates of price flexibilities and elasticities and equations that predict prices and allocations among product forms, given the annual production.Demand and Price Analysis,

‘Codes are not enough…’: a report of ongoing research

We consider the problem of rate allocation in a fading Gaussian multiple-access channel (MAC) with fixed transmission powers. Our goal is to maximize a general concave utility function of transmission rates over the throughput capacity region. In contrast to earlier works in this context that propose solutions where a potentially complex optimization problem must be solved in every decision instant, we propose a low-complexity approximate rate allocation policy and analyze the effect of temporal channel variations on its utility performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that studies the tracking capabilities of an approximate rate allocation scheme under fading channel conditions. We build on an earlier work to present a new rate allocation policy for a fading MAC that implements a low-complexity approximate gradient projection iteration for each channel measurement, and explicitly characterize the effect of the speed of temporal channel variations on the tracking neighborhood of our policy. We further improve our results by proposing an alternative rate allocation policy for which tighter bounds on the size of the tracking neighborhood are derived. These proposed rate allocation policies are computationally efficient in our setting since they implement a single gradient projection iteration per channel measurement and each such iteration relies on approximate projections which has polynomial-complexity in the number of users.Comment: 9 pages, In proc. of ITA 200

DEVELOPMENT OF FLOW STATE SCALE IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE CONTEXT

The flow theory with its components ‘anxiety’, ‘boredom’, ‘skills’ and ‘challenges’ can be associated with foreign language learning contexts. Although there are some attempts in several studies to examine the link between EFL context and the flow theory, no scale to measure the flow state in EFL context has been found in the related literature. The study presents the development and validation of the Flow State Scale in English as a Foreign Language Context (FSSEFL). A cross-sectional research design was used in the study. The scale was administered to a total of 438 students at Department of Foreign Languages at a state university in Turkey. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to the data collected from two separate participant groups in the study. The findings suggest that FSSEFL provides a valid and reliable instrument for the flow state in EFL context. The scale has three-factor structure with 10 items. The explained variance of the scale is 71.80% and alpha values are ranged from 0.78 to 0.82.  Article visualizations

STUDENT AND TEACHER PERSPECTIVES: DEVELOPING THE SCALE OF COPING STRATEGIES FOR PESSIMISM AND SUBJECTIVE-WELL BEING MODEL BASED ON COPING STRATEGIES FOR COVID-19 AND GOAL STRIVING

This study aims to investigate coping strategies that activate pessimism in the context of Covid 19.  To this end, two sub-studies were conducted. In the first study, an exploratory factor analysis of coping with pessimistic events scale was conducted on 209 university students. It was found that students use strategies such as self-control, coping with spirituality, problem solving, optimistic thinking, social support, denial, putting distance and protecting self-value while dealing with events that activate pessimism. In the second study, a limited subjective well-being model with coping with Covid 19 and striving for goals was tested on 201 teachers. Based on the results, it is found that it has been not enough for teachers to strive for goals to increase their subjective well-being, but it has been also necessary to use strategies to cope with Covid-19 that activates pessimism

Interaction between Students’ Motivation and Physics Teachers’ Characteristics: Multiple Case Study

This study identified the process of interaction between students’ motivation and characteristics of two physics teachers: one who exhibited effective physics teacher characteristics frequently and one who exhibited the characteristics rarely. The two case teachers were selected to predict contrasting and comparable results. The data gathered from the semi-structured interviews, follow-up interviews, direct observation, video recordings, and field notes were analyzed both by single case and by cross-case analysis to strengthen the findings from two case teachers. Findings indicated that teachers’ characteristics like enthusiasm and giving examples from daily life increased students’ motivation by increasing their attention and willingness to participate in the classroom discussion. Even though a teacher frequently exhibited the effective characteristics by providing every opportunity for their learning, students wanted a classroom environment where they could stay calm and be more passive. The students did not like to be constantly forced by the teacher to share their views. In the lesson of a teacher who rarely exhibited the effective characteristics, students demanded a classroom environment where they could be more active. The students were not satisfied when their teacher avoided asking questions or had difficulty in solving the problems. Students, in general, resisted the teacher’s behaviors or characteristics when the teachers exhibited inconsistent behaviors