Urgensi Tanda Tangan dan Materai dalam Memberikan Kepastian Hukum terhadap Kontrak Waralaba (Franchise)

Artikel ini mengkaji tentang urgensi tanda tangan dan materai dalam memberikan kepastian hukum terhadap kontrak waralaba. Tema ini berangkat dari maraknya bisnis dengan model franchise dewasa ini di Indonesia. Bisnis ini dianggap dapat meminimalisir risiko kegagalan, selain juga dapat memberikan berbagai kemudahan. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif analitis. Dalam kontrak franchise masih banyak hal-hal yang dapat terjadi di masa yang akan datang yang mungkin dapat merugikan para pihak. Oleh karena itu diperlukan adanya payung hukum untuk menaungi dan melindungi dengan tujuan untuk mewujudkan rasa keadilan dan kepastian hukum bagi para pihak, bukan hanya sekedar mencari keuntungan (profit oriented) tetapi ada pertanggungjawaban terhadap dampak yang ditimbulkan dari operasional bisnis secara menyeluruh tersebut. Untuk memberikan kepastian hukum setiap kontrak franchise harus dibuat secara tertulis dan dilengkapi dengan tanda tangan serta materai agar diperoleh suatu kekuatan hukum dan dapat menjadi alat bukti, sehingga tujuan kepastian hukum dapat terwujud

Theory of the "honeycomb chain-channel" reconstruction of Si(111)3x1

First-principles electronic-structure methods are used to study a structural model for Ag/Si(111)3x1 recently proposed on the basis of transmission electron diffraction data. The fully relaxed geometry for this model is far more energetically favorable than any previously proposed, partly due to the unusual formation of a Si double bond in the surface layer. The calculated electronic properties of this model are in complete agreement with data from angle-resolved photoemission and scanning tunneling microscopy.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett (the ugly postscript error on page 4 has now been repaired

Differential spot-size focus servo

We describe performance of a differential spot-size (wax-wane) focus servo. Crosstalk from the tracks are analyzed in the single detector and differential focus circuits. Magnitude of the crosstalk is reduced by a factor of three in the differential circuit. A false focus-error signal (FES) is present when the spot crosses sector marks at an angle

Anomalous phonon behavior in the high temperature shape memory alloy: TiPd:Cr

Ti50 Pd50-xCrx is a high temperature shape memory alloy with a martensitic transformation temperature strongly dependent on the Cr composition. Prior to the transformation a premartensitic phase is present with an incommensurate modulated cubic lattice with wave vector of q0=(0.22, 0.22, 0). The temperature dependence of the diffuse scattering in the cubic phase is measured as a function temperature for x=6.5, 8.5, and 10 at. %. The lattice dynamics has been studied and reveals anomalous temperature and q-dependence of the [110]-TA2 transverse phonon branch. The phonon linewidth is broad over the entire Brillouin zone and increases with decreasing temperature, contrary to the behavior expected for anharmonicity. No anomaly is observed at q0. The results are compared with first principles calculation of the phonon structure.Comment: 26 pages, 11 figure

Dynamics of Post-Injection Fuel Flow in Mini-Sac Diesel Injectors Part 1: Admission of 1 External Gases and Implications for Deposit Formation

Samples of unadditized, middle distillate diesel fuel were injected through real-size optically accessible mini-sac diesel injectors into ambient air at common rail pressures of 250 bar and 350 bar respectively. High-resolution images of white light scattered from the internal mini-sac and nozzle flow were captured on a high-speed monochrome video camera. Following the end of each injection, the momentum-driven evacuation of fuel liquid from the mini-sac and nozzle holes resulted in the formation of a vapour cloud and bubbles in the mini-sac, and vapour capsules in the nozzle holes. This permitted external gas to gain entrance to the nozzle holes. The diesel fuel in the mini-sac was observed to rotate with large initial vorticity, which decayed until the fuel became stationary. The diesel fuel remaining in the nozzle holes was observed to move inwards towards the mini-sac or outwards towards the nozzle exit in concert with the rotational flow in the mini-sac. The mini-sac bubbles’ internal pressure differences revealed that the bubbles must have contained previously dissolved oxygen and nitrogen. Under diesel engine operating conditions, this multi-phase mixture would be highly reactive and could initiate local pyrolysis and/or oxidation reactions. Finally, the dynamical behaviour of the diesel fuel in the nozzle holes would support the admission of external hot combustion gases into the nozzle holes, establishing the conditions for oxidation/pyrolysis reactions with surrounding liquid fuel films

Gratings and waveguides

Our immediate objective is to understand the limitations of guided-wave and grating coupler devices in their application to optical data storage. Our long-range goal is to develop and validate design codes for integrated optic devices. The principal research activity was in the development of numerical models for the design of a blue wavelength integrated optical source for data storage applications

Neutron, electron and X-ray scattering investigation of Cr1-xVx near Quantum Criticality

The weakness of electron-electron correlations in the itinerant antiferromagnet Cr doped with V has long been considered the reason that neither new collective electronic states or even non Fermi liquid behaviour are observed when antiferromagnetism in Cr$_{1-x}$V$_{x}$ is suppressed to zero temperature. We present the results of neutron and electron diffraction measurements of several lightly doped single crystals of Cr$_{1-x}$V$_{x}$ in which the archtypal spin density wave instability is progressively suppressed as the V content increases, freeing the nesting-prone Fermi surface for a new striped charge instability that occurs at x$_{c}$=0.037. This novel nesting driven instability relieves the entropy accumulation associated with the suppression of the spin density wave and avoids the formation of a quantum critical point by stabilising a new type of charge order at temperatures in excess of 400 K. Restructuring of the Fermi surface near quantum critical points is a feature found in materials as diverse as heavy fermions, high temperature copper oxide superconductors and now even elemental metals such as Cr.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures. Accepted to Physical Review

Existence and Stability of Standing Pulses in Neural Networks : I Existence

We consider the existence of standing pulse solutions of a neural network integro-differential equation. These pulses are bistable with the zero state and may be an analogue for short term memory in the brain. The network consists of a single-layer of neurons synaptically connected by lateral inhibition. Our work extends the classic Amari result by considering a non-saturating gain function. We consider a specific connectivity function where the existence conditions for single-pulses can be reduced to the solution of an algebraic system. In addition to the two localized pulse solutions found by Amari, we find that three or more pulses can coexist. We also show the existence of nonconvex ``dimpled'' pulses and double pulses. We map out the pulse shapes and maximum firing rates for different connection weights and gain functions.Comment: 31 pages, 29 figures, submitted to SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical System

Role of gammadelta T cells in protecting normal airway function

Since their discovery 15 years ago, the role of γδ T cells has remained somewhat elusive. Responses of γδ T cells have been found in numerous infectious and non-infectious diseases. New evidence points to γδ T cells' functioning in the airways to maintain normal airway responsiveness or tone. In the lung, distinct subsets of γδ T cell subsets seem to have specific roles, one subset promoting allergic inflammation, the other serving a protective role