Wellesley College 1875-1975: A Century of Women

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The role of the family in attributing meaning to living with HIV and its stigma in Turkey

Stigma attached to HIV/AIDS remains a global problem, with severe negative consequences for people living with HIV (PLHIV). Family support is fundamental for PLHIV’s psychological and physical well-being. HIV-related stigma is high in Turkey, where HIV/AIDS prevalence is low and the epidemic is not considered a priority. Based on qualitative data generated with HIV-positive women and men, this article explores the process of stigmatization, as experienced and perceived by PLHIV in Turkey, focusing on the institution of the family. Results indicated that enacted stigma from family members is lower than anticipated. While most participants’ narratives showed patterns of support rather than rejection from families, the strong expectations around the cultural value attributed to “the family” are found to be the main facilitators of internalized stigma. The article critically discusses the meaning and implications of family support, addressing the role of patriarchal values attributed to womanhood, manhood, and sexuality in Turkey

Iğdır İli Tarım İşletmelerinde Örgütlenme Bilincinin Belirlenmesi

Türkiye ekonomisinde ülke nüfusunun önemli kısmını istihdam etmesi ve gıda maddeleri ihtiyacını karşılaması, ihracat yoluyla ülkeye döviz sağlaması gibi değişik konulardan öneme sahip olan ve aynı zamanda ticaret, sanayi ve ekonomi ile iç içe olan tarım sektörü, ülke çapında yaygın ve çok dağınık bir kırsal yerleşim yapısı içinde bulunan işletmelerce yapılmakta ve bu nedenle de yeterince örgütlenememektedir. Iğdır’da bulunan tarım işletmelerinde örgütlenme bilincinin belirlenmesi amacı ile yapılan çalışmada kullanılan veriler Iğdır’da kooperatif üyesi üreticiler arasından Iğdır il merkezi, Tuzluca, Karakoyunlu ve Aralık ilçelerinden Basit Tesadüfi Örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak 115 işletmeden elde edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre üreticilerin yaşı ile örgütlenme bilinci arasında negatif ve önemli ilişki yani genç üreticilerin daha bilinçli oldukları belirlenirken, eğitim seviyesi ile bilinç arasında pozitif ve önemli ilişki yani daha eğitimli üreticilerin daha bilinçli oldukları belirlenmişt ir. Ay rıca koop erat if üy esi üret icilerin örgüt e y et erli sıklıkt a git medikleri, y ap ılan işlerle ilgilenmedikleri, örgüt t e yeterli güven ortamının bulunmadığı, örgütlenme ve önemi konusunda yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadıkları belirlenmiştir. Buna göre Iğdır’da tarımsal kooperatif üyesi üreticilere örgütlenme konusunda ve mevcut tarımsal örgütlerde güven ortamının oluşturulması hususunda eğitim verilmeli ve tarımda örgütlenmenin önemini kavratılmalıdır. Anahtar Ke l i me l e r: T arım koop erat ifi, örgüt lenme, bilinç, Iğdı

DETERMINATION OF THE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS PROPOSALSRELATED TO THE ORGANIZATION AND COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIESOF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVEMEMBERS IN IĞDIR PROVINCE

Bu çalışma Iğdır ilinde bulunan kırsal kalkınma kooperatiflerine üye üreticilerin örgütlenme konusundaki problemlerini belirlemek ve çözüm önerileri sunmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada Iğdır merkez ve ilçelerinde Basit Tesadüfi Örnekleme Yöntemi 'ne göre belirlenen kırsal kalkınma kooperatifine üye üreticilerle yapılan anketlerden elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Üyelerininçoğunluğunun örgütlenme konusunda yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadıkları, yürütülen faaliyetlere yeterince katılmadıkları ve ayrıca finansman, yönetim, güven ve mevzuat ile ilgili problemlerin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda üyelere örgütlenme ve önemi konusunda eğitim verilmesi, yürütülen faaliyetlere aktif olarak katılmalarının sağlanması, finansman konusunda kolaylık sağlanması, örgüt içerisinde güven ortamının oluşturulması ve mevzuatın güncellenerek üretici ihtiyaçlarına göre yeniden düzenlenmesi gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştırThe study was conducted to determine organization related problems of producers were the members of rural development cooperatives and to preset solution proposals in Iğdır province. The data surveyed from rural development cooperative member producers determined in Iğdır and territories by simple random sampling method are used in this study. It is determined that agricultural cooperative members do not have enough information regarding establishing organizations, do not join the activities, and have problems with financing, management, trust and regulations. The members should be educated about the cooperatives and their importance. They should also be encouraged to join the activities effectively, provided enough flexibility in financing. Moreover, a trusting environment should be established in cooperatives and the regulations must be revised based on the current needs of producer

Apraxia in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy

Objective

Validation of Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins and Sampson low-density lipoprotein cholesterol equations

BackgroundLow-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an important biomarker for determining cardiovascular risk and regulating lipid lowering therapy. Therefore, the accurate estimation of LDL-C concentration is essential in cardiovascular disease diagnosis and prognosis. Sampson recently proposed a new formula for the estimation of LDL-C. However, little is known regarding the validation of this formula.ObjectivesThis study aimed to validate this new formula with other well-known formulas in Turkish population, composed of adults.MethodsA total of 88,943 participants above 18 years old at Sivas Cumhuriyet University Hospital (Sivas, Turkey) were included to this study. LDL-C was directly measured by homogeneous assays, i.e., Roche, Beckman and Siemens and estimated by Friedewald’s, Martin-Hopkins’, extended Martin-Hopkins’ and Sampson’s formulas. The concordances between the estimations obtained by the formulas and the direct measurements were evaluated both in general and separately for the LDL-C, TG and non-HDL-C sublevels. Linear regression analysis was applied and residual error plots were generated between each estimation and direct measurement method. Coefficient of determination (R2) and mean absolute deviations were also calculated.ResultsThe results showed that the extended Martin-Hopkins approach provided the most concordant results with the direct assays for LDL-C estimation. The results also showed that the highest concordances were obtained between the direct assays with the extended Martin-Hopkins formula calculated with the median statistics obtained from our own population. On the other hand, it was observed that the results of the methods may differ in different assays. The extended Martin-Hopkins approach, calculated from the median statistics of our population, gave the most concordant results in patients with “low LDL-C level (LDL-C levels &lt; 70 mg/dL) or hypertriglyceridemia (TG levels ≥ 400 mg/dL)”.ConclusionsAlthough the results of the formulas in different assays may vary, the extended Martin-Hopkins approach was the best one with the highest overall concordances. The validity of the Martin Hopkins’ and Sampson’s formulas has to be further investigated in different populations.</div

Validation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol equations in pediatric population

Several studies have shown a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in children. Since childhood lipid concentrations continue into adulthood, recognition of lipid abnormalities in the early period is crucial to prevent the development of future coronary heart disease (CHD). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of the most used parameters in the initiation and follow-up of treatment in patients with dyslipidemia. It is a well known fact that LDL-C lowering therapy reduces the risk of future CHD. Therefore, accurate determination of the LDL-C levels is so important for the management of lipid abnormalities. This study aimed to validate different LDL-C estimating equations in the Turkish population, composed of children and adolescents. A total of 3,908 children below 18 years old at Sivas Cumhuriyet University Hospital (Sivas, Turkey) were included in this study. LDL-C was directly measured by direct homogeneous assays, i.e., Roche, Beckman, Siemens and estimated by Friedewald’s, Martin/Hopkins’, extended Martin-Hopkins’ and Sampson’s formulas. The concordances between the estimations obtained by the formulas and the direct measurements were evaluated both overall and separately for the LDL-C, triglycerides (TG) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) sublevels. Linear regression analysis was performed and residual error plots were generated between each estimation and direct measurement method. Coefficient of determination (R(2)) and mean absolute deviations were also evaluated. The overall concordance of Friedewald, Sampson, Martin-Hopkins and the extended Martin-Hopkins formula were 64.6%, 69.9%, 69.4%, and 84.3% for the Roche direct assay, 69.8%, 71.6%, 73.6% and 80.4% for the Siemens direct assay, 66.5%, 68.8%, 68.9% and 82.1% for the Beckman direct assay, respectively. The extended Martin-Hopkins formula had the highest concordance coefficient in both overall and all sublevels of LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and TG. When estimating the LDL-C categories, the highest underestimation degrees were obtained with the Friedewald formula. Our analysis, conducted in a large pediatric population, showed that the extended Martin-Hopkins equation gives more reliable results in estimation of LDL-C compared to other equations