Phenylethanoid glycosides from Scutellaria galericulata

From the aerial parts of Scutellaria galericulata L., four phenylethanoid glycosides, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-(6-O-caffeoyl)-\beta -D-glucopyranoside (1), calceolarioside B (2), osmanthuside E (3) and martynoside (4), were isolated. The structure elucidations of the isolated compounds were performed by spectroscopic (UV, IR, ESI-MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR) methods. Compounds 1-4 demonstrated scavenging properties toward the 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in TLC autographic assays

Phenylpropanoid Glycoside Analogues: Enzymatic Synthesis, Antioxidant Activity and Theoretical Study of Their Free Radical Scavenger Mechanism

Phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs) are natural compounds present in several medicinal plants that have high antioxidant power and diverse biological activities. Because of their low content in plants (less than 5% w/w), several chemical synthetic routes to produce PPGs have been developed, but their synthesis is a time consuming process and the achieved yields are often low. In this study, an alternative and efficient two-step biosynthetic route to obtain natural PPG analogues is reported for the first time. Two galactosides were initially synthesized from vanillyl alcohol and homovanillyl alcohol by a transgalactosylation reaction catalyzed by Kluyveromyces lactis β-galactosidase in saturated lactose solutions with a 30%–35% yield. To synthesize PPGs, the galactoconjugates were esterified with saturated and unsaturated hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives using Candida antarctica Lipase B (CaL-B) as a biocatalyst with 40%–60% yields. The scavenging ability of the phenolic raw materials, intermediates and PPGs was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) method. It was found that the biosynthesized PPGs had higher scavenging abilities when compared to ascorbic acid, the reference compound, while their antioxidant activities were found similar to that of natural PPGs. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to determine that the PPGs antioxidant mechanism proceeds through a sequential proton loss single electron transfer (SPLET). The enzymatic process reported in this study is an efficient and versatile route to obtain PPGs from different phenylpropanoid acids, sugars and phenolic alcohols

Methodology recommendation for one-criterion transportation problems: CAKMAK method

Transportation problems (TP) are one of the most prominent fields of application of the mathematical disciplines to optimization and operations research. In general, there are three starting basic feasible solution methods: Northwest Corner, Least Cost Method, VAM – Vogel’s Approximation Method. The three methods differ in the quality of the starting basic solution. In this study, we actually show a new method for starting basic feasible solution to one-criterion-transportation problems: Çakmak Method. This method can be used for balanced or unbalanced one-criterion transportation problems, and gives the basic feasible optimum solution accordingly

To obtain various interleukine levels by using the reverse transcriptase polimerase chain reaction technique in the corneas with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy

AMAÇ: Psödofakik büllöz keratopatide spesifik sitokinlerin rolünü araştırmak. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Bu çalışmada Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Göz Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı'nda Temmuz 1994-Mayıs 1998 tarihleri arasında psödofakik büllöz keratopati (PBK) nedeniyle parsiyel penetran keratoplasti yapılan 30 hastanın 30 gözü çalışma kapsamına alındı. Kontrol grubu olarak 30 donör kornea kullanıldı. Tüm kornealarda interlökin (IL)-1a, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8 ve IL-10 ekspresyonu "reverse transcriptase polimerase chain reaction" (RT-PCR) tekniği ile araştırıldı. Alınan sonuçlar kalitatif olarak elde edildi, ve x² testi ile istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldı. BULGULAR: Psödofakik büllöz keratopatili hasta kornealarında IL-1a (%60-%16.7) ve IL-8 (%30-%6.6) donör kornelara göre daha yüksek seviyelerde bulundu ve istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılık vardı. SONUÇ: Bu çalışmada, psödofakik büllöz keratopati oluşumunda spesifik sitokinlerin rolü olduğu düşünüldü.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of the specific cytokines on pseudophakic bullous keratopathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 30 eyes of 30 patients that underwent partial penetrating keratoplasty due to pseudophakic bullous keratopathy(PBK) in the Cornea Unit of Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology between the date of July 94 and May 98 were included in the study. 30 donor corneas were assigned as control group. From the all corneal specimens interleukine(IL)-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8 and IL-10 were expressed by using the reverse transcriptase polimerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results obtained with this technique were qualitative, and statistically compared with x² test. RESULTS: IL-1 alpha (60% vs 16.7%) and IL-8 (30% vs 6.6%) levels were found to be higher in the cornea of the patients with PBK than controls and there was significant difference between the groups of PBK and controls. CONCLUSION: It was thought that the specific cytokines might play a role on PBK

Cytologically diagnosed fungal keratitis: Clinical features and treatment results

Amaç: Fungal keratitlerin klinik ve laboratuar bulgularını, tedavi sonuçlarını bildirmek Yöntem: Ekim 2004- Ekim 2007 yılları arasında mantar keratiti tanısı alan ve tedavi edilen 20 hastanın demografik özellikleri, klinik ve laboratuar bulguları değerlendirildi. Korneal kültür ve korneal lezyonun kenar ve zemininden kazıma yöntemi ile sitolojik örnek alındı. Tüm hastalara tedavi olarak; topikal amfoterisin B, natamisin ve oral ketokonazol başlandı. Sonuçlar: Hastaların 11 tanesinde travma öyküsü mevcuttu. Sitolojik incelemede olguların hepsinde mantar hifleri görüldü. Kültür sonuçlarında iki hastada kültürde üreme saptandı. Bunlardan biri Fusarium diğeri Aspergillus idi. Hastalara antifungal tedavi ortalama 8,7 ± 4,53 (3-20) hafta verildi. Olguların üçüne kornea lezyonlarında ciddi incelme olduğu için amniyotik zar nakli uygulandı. Görmeyi etkileyen lökomu olan bir hastaya penetran keratoplasti yapıldı. On hastada tedavi sonrasında görme keskinliğinde artış oldu. Tartışma: Fungal keratitler genellikle organik maddeler ile travma sonrasında, tedaviye dirençli kornea ülseri ile karakterizedir. Erken dönemde konulan tanı ile tedavide başarı sağlanabilmektedir. Klinik şüphe oldukça önemlidir. Kornea kazıntı örneklerinin sitolojik incelemesi, kültür sonuçlarından önce tanı konulmasında yardımcı olabilir.Purpose: To report the clinical and laboratory findings and treatment results of fungal keratitis. Methods: Patient demographics, clinical and laboratory findings and treatment outcomes of 20 cases of fungal keratitis who were diagnosed and treated from October 2004 through October 2007, were reviewed. Corneal scrapings and cultures were taken from ulcer beds and edges for microscopic evaluation. All of the patients were treated with topical amphotericine B, natamycine and systemic ketoconazole. Results: Eleven of patients had trauma history. All of corneal scrapings revealed fungal hyphae. Fungal growth occurred in the cultures of two patients: Aspergillus sp and Fusarium sp. The mean duration of antifungal treatment was 8,7 ± 4,53 (3-20) weeks. Amniotic membrane transplantation was performed for three of 20 patients because of severe corneal thinning. One patient required penetrating keratoplasty for sight-threatening leukoma. The visual acuity was increased for 10 of 20 patients. Conclusions: Fungal keratitis are treatment-resistant corneal ulcerations occurred especially after trauma with organic materials. Treatment success is achieved through early diagnosis and proper treatment. Clinical suspicion is essential. Microscopic evaluation of corneal scrapings can be helpful in guiding the diagnosis before culture results

GLUT-1 expression in proliferative endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial adenocarcinoma and the relationship between GLUT-1 expression and prognostic parameters in endometrial adenocarcinoma

PubMedID: 27562387Objective: Malignant cells show increased glucose uptake in in vitro and in vivo studies. This uptake is mediated by glucose transporter proteins. GLUT-1 is the most common transporter protein, and its expression is reported to be increase in many human cancers. The aim of this study is to determine the GLUT-1 overexpression in benign, hyperplastic, and malignant endometrial tissues, to evaluate the usefulness of GLUT-1 expression in endometrial hyperplasia, and to determine its role in the neoplastic progression to endometrioid type adenocarcinoma. We also aimed to analyze prognostic clinical parameters, predict prognosis, and survival. Material and Method: We examined immunohistochemical expression of GLUT-1 in 91 cases of endometrial hyperplasia, 100 cases of endometrioid type adenocarcinoma, and 10 proliferative endometrial tissues. The percentage of positive cells and staining intensity were assessed in a semi quantitative fashion and scored (1+ to 3+). Results: GLUT-1 immunoreactivity was not present in proliferative endometrium. Twenty-nine (31.9%) of 91 endometrial hyperplasia cases showed positive immunoreactivity, of which only six were cases of hyperplasia without atypia while 23 of them were cases with atypia. We found GLUT-1 positivity of 95% in endometrioid type adenocarcinoma. GLUT-1 overexpression was not significantly correlated with any of the clinicopathological parameters except histological grade in endometrioid adenocarcinoma; the survival was not found to be correlated with GLUT-1 expression. Conclusion: GLUT-1 immunostaining may be useful in distinguishing hyperplasia without atypia from hyperplasia with atypia; GLUT-1 overexpression is a consistent feature of endometrioid adenocarcinoma. A correlation between GLUT -1 expression and tumor grade has been found, although other prognostic parameters and survival has no meaningful correlation. © 2016, Federation of Turkish Pathology Societies. All Rights Reserved

Surgical management in recurrent pterygium: Conjuctiva and amniotic membrane

Amaç: Nüks pterjium olgularında konjonktival otogreft transplantasyon (KOT) ile insan amniotik membran transplantasyonunun (AMT) etkinliğinin karşılaştırılması. Gereç ve Yöntem: Ocak 2000-Nisan 2001 tarihleri arasında nüks pterjium tanısıyla opere edilip, en az altı aylık takip süresi olan17 hastanın 17 gözü çalışma kapsamına alındı. Olguların on tanesine pterjium eksizyonu otolog konjontiva transplantasyonu ile; geri kalan yedi olguya ise insan amniotik membran transplantasyonu ile uygulandı. Otolog konjonktiva pterjiumlu olgunun aynı gözünün üst temporal bölgesinden alındı. Amniotik membran ise steril şartlarda seronegatif gebelerin plasentalarından sezeryan sonrası elde edildi. Tüm greft ve membranlar eksize edilen pterjium bölgesindeki skleral boşluğa epitel kısmı yukarıya gelecek şekilde yerleştirildi, 10/0 vikril ile tek tek çevre konjonktiva ve episkleraya tesbit edildi. Ameliyat sonrası dönemde limbusu aşan fibrovasküler doku nüks olarak kabul edildi. Gruplar ameliyat sırasında ve sonrasında gelişen komplikasyonlar bakımından kıyaslandı. Bulgular: KOT uygulanan beş erkek beş kadın olgunun yaş ortalaması 44.4±4.3 (39-52) yıl ve takip süresi ortalama 10.3±3.4 ay idi. AMT uygulanan üç erkek dört kadın olgunun yaş ortalaması 44.2± 5.5 (40-55) yıl ve ortalama takip süresi 10.7±2.9 ay idi. Yaş ve takip süreleri arasında gruplar arasında istatistiksel bir fark yoktu (p>0.05). Olguların hiçbirinde cerrahi sırasında ve izleme döneminde önemli bir komplikasyon gelişmedi. Semblefaronu mevcut olgularda AMT ile göz hareketleri düzeldi. KOT yapılan üç olguda (%30) ve AMT yapılan bir olguda (%14) nüks görüldü. Nükslerin tümü ilk altı ay içinde tespit edildi. Gruplar arasında nüks ve cinsiyet yönünden bir fark bulunmadı (p>0.05). Sonuç: Nüks pterjium cerrahisinde AMT'nin, semblefaronlu olgularda etkinliği ve düşük rekürrens oranı ile konjonktival otogreftleme tekniğine iyi bir alternatif olabileceği kanısına varıldı.Purpose: To evaluate and compare the success of conjunctival autograft transplantation (CAT) and amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) in recurrent pterygium cases. Materials and Methods: Seventeen eyes of 17 consecutive patients who underwent excision for recurrent pterygium between January 2000-April 2001 with a minimum six moths follow-up were included in the study. pterygium excision was performed with conjunctival autografting in 10 patients, whereas with human amniotic membrane transplantation in seven patients. Conjunctival autograft was harvested from the superotemporal quadrant of the same eye. Amniotic membrane was prepared from the placenta of a sero-negative woman after a caesarean section under sterile conditions. All grafts and membranes were transferred to the area of excision epithelial side-up, and secured to adjacent conjunctiva and episclera with 10/0 Vicryl sutures. In the postoperative period recurrence is suggested as fibrovascular tissue that spreads beyond limbus. The groups were compared in terms of peroperative and postoperative complications. Results: CAT group was consisted of five male and five female patients with a mean age of 44.4±4.3 (39-52) years. The mean postoperative follow-up period is 10.3±3.4 months. AMT group was consisted of three male and four female patients with a mean age of 44.2±5.5 (40-55) years. The mean postoperative follow-up period is 10.7±2.9 months. There wasn't a statistical difference between two groups in terms of age and the follow-up period (p>0.05). There were no intraoperative and postoperative complications. In symblepharon cases the globe motions were improved with AMT. Recurrence was observed in three patients (30%) with conjunctival autografting and in one patient (14%) with amniotic membrane transplantation. All recurrences were seen within the first sixth month. No statistical difference was found between two groups in terms of recurrence and sex (p>0.05). Conclusion: AMT is a good alternative to conjunctival autografting with its success in symblepharon cases and low recurrence rate in recurrent pterygium surgery

Histologic alterations in the thyroid gland after fine-needle aspiration

PubMedID: 9099543To evaluate the histologic alterations due to the fine-needle aspiration (FNA), a comparative study between 20 aspirated and 20 nonaspirated thyroidectomy specimens was performed. The most common findings in the aspirated group were hemorrhage (80%) and vascular proliferation and/or vascular thrombosis (45%). In one of the aspirated cases with the cytologic diagnosis of follicular neoplasm, histologic sections revealed prominent vascular and endothelial proliferation. Fibrosis, cystic degeneration, and infarction were other histologic findings in the aspirated group. Hemorrhage was seen in 45% and cystic degeneration in 25% of the nonaspirated cases. Fifty percent of the nonaspirated cases did not have any additional findings. In conclusion, knowledge of previous FNA application and awareness of possible histologic alterations due to the needling is necessary while evaluating the histologic sections of the thyroidectomy specimens