10 research outputs found

    A new catalytic approach for aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols based on a Copper(I)-thiophene carbaldimines

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    We report here novel Cu(I) thiophene carbaldimine catalysts for the selective aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes and various diols to lactones or lactols. In the presence of the in situ generated Cu(I) species, a persistent radical (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperdine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)) and N-methylimidazole (NMI) as an auxiliary ligand, the reaction proceeds under aerobic conditions and at ambient temperature. Especially the catalytic system of 1-(thiophen-2-yl)-N-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methanimine (ligand L2) with copper(I)-iodide showed high reactivity for all kind of alcohols (benzylic, allylic and aliphatic). In the case of benzyl alcohol even 2.5 mol% of copper loading gave quantitative yield. Beside high activity under aerobic conditions, the catalysts ability to oxidize 1,5-pentadiol to the corresponding lactol (86% in 4 h) and Nphenyldiethanolamine to the corresponding morpholine derivate lactol (86% in 24 h) is particularly noteworthy.Peer reviewe

    Water tolerant base free Copper (I) catalyst for the selective aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols

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    We report here a base free copper(I) catalyst for the selective aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes and various diols to their corresponding lactones or lactols. In the presence of the in situ generated Cu(I)-catalyst with 2,2′-dipyridylamine (dpa) as a ligand and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperdine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) as a persistent radical, the oxidation reaction proceeds under true aerobic conditions, at ambient temperature, utilizing air as the oxidant and without added base. High catalytic activity without over oxidation was achieved for numerous primary alcohols (aliphatic, allylic, benzylic and diols) with different substitution patterns. The catalyst's stability is unique among reported Cu(I)-catalysts. It is not moisture or air sensitive, and is capable of e.g. oxidizing aliphatic and benzyl alcohols in a water/acetonitrile solution in moderate or in quantitative yield (> 99%) in 3 h.Peer reviewe

    Near quantitative conversion of xylose into bisfuran

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    Renewable and abundant carbohydrates are promising feedstocks for producing valuable chemicals. Here we report a highly efficient Zr-catalysed conversion of xylose and acetylacetone (acac) to a new type of bisfuranic monomer, 1-(4-((4-acetyl-5-methylfuran-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylfuran-3-yl)ethenone (MFE). The formation of MFE stems from the intermediate obtained through the nucleophilic addition of acac to xylose. Under optimized conditions (microwave irradiation, 140 degrees C, 24 min, NaI as an additive), MFE is obtained in near-quantitative yield (98%). Importantly, the reaction selectivity can be tuned by the inclusion of an additive. When NaCl is used, the reaction gives 3-(furan-2-ylmethylene)pentane-2,4-dione (FMPD, 55%), a jet-fuel precursor, and MFE (30%) with a total carbon yield of 85%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on straightforward xylose transformation to a bisfuranic compound with excellent carbon efficiency. This Garcia Gonzalez (GG) reaction inclusive strategy is remarkable and could lead to many innovations in bio-based polymer synthesis.Peer reviewe

    Facile synthesis of vanillin from fractionated Kraft lignin

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    More than 90 % of global lignin production comes from Kraft pulp mills but due to shortage of economical viable methods to valorise lignin, it is commonly burned for energy. Therefore, finding new routes to utilize Kraft lignin (KL) as a renewable raw material for the chemical industry is of significant economic and environmental importance. Herein we report a novel, two-step procedure for facile synthesis of vanillin from technical KL by combining solvent fractionation and catalytic oxidation reaction. From the studied green solvents, 1-propanol was the most attractive for one-step, single solvent fractionation as it afforded uniform, low molecular weight lignin fractions (Mw=1300 g·mol−1, Mn=580 g·mol−1) with yield of 46 wt%. Using this homogeneous lignin as a raw material, CuSO4 catalyzed oxidation reaction proceeds smoothly, and under optimized conditions a high vanillin yield of 10.9 wt% was achieved. The method reported herein is promising as it facilitates straightforward and high yield vanillin synthesis from commercially available technical KL.Peer reviewe

    Cooperative Ligands in Dissolution of Gold

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    Development of new, environmentally benign dissolution methods for metallic gold is driven by needs in the circular economy. Gold is widely used in consumer electronics, but sustainable and selective dissolution methods for Au are scarce. Herein, we describe a quantitative dissolution of gold in organic solution under mild conditions by using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. In the dissolution reaction, two thiol ligands, pyridine-4-thiol and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, work in a cooperative manner. The mechanistic investigations suggest that two pyridine-4-thiol molecules form a complex with Au-0 that can be oxidized, whereas the role of inexpensive 2-mercaptobenzimidazole is to stabilize the formed Au-I species through a ligand exchange process. Under optimized conditions, the reaction proceeds vigorously and gold dissolves quantitatively in two hours. The demonstrated ligand-exchange mechanism with two thiols allows to drastically reduce the thiol consumption and may lead to even more effective gold dissolution methods in the future.Peer reviewe

    A catalytic approach via retro-aldol condensation of glucose to furanic compounds

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    The synthesis of new types of furan-based compounds other than 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose is a very attractive yet underexploited strategy. We report here a catalytic conversion of glucose with acetylacetone (acac) to furan-centered chemicals, 2-methyl-3-acetylfuran (MAF) and 1-(5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-2-methylfuran-3-yl)ethan-1-one (DMAF), which are potential building blocks for the synthesis of fine chemicals. The experimentally supported reaction mechanism is cascade-type, including glycolaldehyde (GA) formation by H2MoO4-catalysed retro-aldol condensation (C2 + C4) of glucose and immediate capture of transient C2 and C4 intermediates by acac to yield MAF and DMAF. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the straightforward synthesis of MAF and DMAF from glucose, providing a new but generic synthesis strategy for GA-based C2 and erythrose-based C4 chemistry in biorefining.Peer reviewe

    Pyridinethiol-Assisted Dissolution of Elemental Gold in Organic Solutions

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    Dissolution of elemental gold in organic solutions is a contemporary approach to lower the environmental burden associated with gold recycling. Herein, we describe fundamental studies on a highly efficient method for the dissolution of elemental Au that is based on DMF solutions containing pyridine-4-thiol (4-PSH) as a reactive ligand and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Dissolution of Au proceeds through several elementary steps: isomerization of 4-PSH to pyridine-4-thione (4-PS), coordination with Au-0, and then oxidation of the Au-0 thione species to Au-I simultaneously with oxidation of free pyridine thione to elemental sulfur and further to sulfuric acid. The final dissolution product is a Au-I complex bearing two 4-PS ligands and SO42- as a counterion. The ligand is crucial as it assists the oxidation process and stabilizes and solubilizes the formed Au cations.Peer reviewe

    Roolien organisoinnin merkitys markkinointiautomaatiossa

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    Suomalaiset yritysasiakkaat ovat jo vuosikymmenen ajan tehneet ostopäätöksiä internetin kautta. Viime aikoina myös myyntiorganisaatiot ovat ymmärtäneet tämän muutoksen ja ovat mukauttaneet markkinointiaan asiakkaan muuttuneeseen ostopolkuun. Muuttunutta markkinointitapaa kutsutaan usein sisältömarkkinoinniksi. Tutkielma käsittelee yritysten välistä liiketoimintaa. Useat suomalaiset organisaatiot käyttävät markkinoinnin automaatiojärjestelmiä seuratakseen asiakkaan ostopolkua internetissä. Ohjelman avulla mm. analysoidaan asiakkaan ostopolkua ja kohdennetaan markkinointia asiakkaan mielenkiinnon mukaisesti. Järjestelmän suurin hyöty on liidien tuotanto, josta voi seurata myynnin kasvua. Liidit ovat tutkielmassa yritysasiakkaita, jotka ovat kiinnostuneita yrityksen tuotteista tai palveluista. Ongelmallista on, että järjestelmä on usein nähty organisaatioissa järjestelmähankkeena - ei ymmärretä millaista resursointia järjestelmä vaatii toimiakseen. Ensimmäisenä tutkimusongelmana on selvittää roolit, joita markkinointiautomaatiossa tarvitaan. Toisen tutkimusongelman avulla selvitetään millaista organisointia markkinointiautomaatiossa suurissa organisaatioissa vaaditaan. Tutkielma on laadullinen tutkimus, jossa aineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoidun teemahaastatteluin. Haastateltavaksi valittiin neljä suomalaista markkinointiautomaation asiantuntijaa. Teorian ja aineiston perusteella saavutettiin keskeisenä tuloksena, että markkinointiautomaatiossa johdon rooli on merkittävä. Ilman selkeää johtamista uusi prosessi ei jalkaudu suomalaisiin organisaatioihin. Tärkeimmät roolit ovat myynti- sekä markkinointijohtaja ja markkinointiautomaatiojohtaja. Uutena johtohenkilönä markkinointiautomaatiojohtajan vastuulla on koko prosessin jalkauttaminen ja johtaminen. Tämän henkilön tulee tuntea niin sisältömarkkinoinnin toiminta, kuin myös markkinointiautomaatiojärjestelmän ominaisuudet. Myynti- sekä markkinointijohtajan strateginen ymmärrys on myös tärkeää, koska myynti- ja markkinointitoiminnon saumaton yhteistyö luovat edellytykset onnistuneelle yhteistoiminnalle koko prosessin käytön onnistumisessa. Erityisesti johdon ja toimintojen organisointi on tärkeää markkinoinnin automaation hyödyntämisessä. Sisältömarkkinointia tekevän markkinointiosaston ja myyntiä tekevän myyntiosaston henkilöstön tulee toimia yhteistyössä keskenään. Toimintojen tulee jakaa merkityksellistä tietoa asiakkaistaan kasvokkain tapahtuvien palavereiden ja ohjelman analytiikan avulla. Yhteistyön tavoitteena on liidien laadun kehittäminen, mikä mahdollistaa myös myynnin kasvun.siirretty Doriast

    REFLECTION OF PROBLEM-SOLVING BY FOURTH-GRADERS IN WRITTEN AND SPOKEN SELF-ASSESSMENT SITUATIONS

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    Itsensä arvioimisella on merkittäviä vaikutuksia oppimisen edistymiselle. Vaikka puhe luo reflektiolle luonnollisen olosuhteen, tuotetaan reflektioon pohjautuva itsearviointi usein kirjallisesti. Kuitenkin reflektiotaidon tuki jää kirjallisista itsearviointitilanteista usein puuttumaan. Tarkastelemme, millaisia ovat neljännen luokan oppilaiden (N=22) kokemukset niin reflektiota tukevasta puhutusta kuin sitä tukemattomasta kirjoitetusta itsearvioinnista sekä vertaamme eri itsearviointitavoin tuotettuja reflektioita. Haastattelututkimus osoittaa, että reflektiota voidaan tarkastella sen tarkentumisen näkökulmasta. Puolestaan itsearviointitapojen mielekkyyttä oppilaat vertailivat itsearviointitavan käytettävyyden ja fasilitointikyvyn suhteen. Tutkimus vahvistaa, että reflektion onnistumista tukee puhuttu ja tuettu itsearvioinnin toteutusmuoto.Self-assessment has significant implications for learning progress. Although speech creates a natural environment for reflection, reflection-based self-assessment is often produced by writing. Yet, support for reflection is often lacking in written self-assessment. We look at the experiences of fourth-graders (N = 22) with both spoken reflection-supported self-assessment and written reflection-unsupported self-assessment, and compare the reflections produced by different self-assessment methods. The interview study shows that reflection can be considered from the perspective of its accuracy. In turn, students compared the meaningfulness of self-assessment in terms of usability and facilitation ability of the self-assessment method. The study confirms that the success of reflection is endorsed by spoken and supported implementation of self-assessment
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