Infant and child feeding practices: a preliminary investigation

The document attached has been archived with permission from the Australian Dental Association. An external link to the publisher’s copy is included.The objective of this preliminary investigation was to examine the feeding practices of infants and pre-school children in Adelaide, and thereby contribute to the development of appropriate preventive dental strategies. A stratified random sample of 160 two year old and three year old pre-school children in the Adelaide Statistical District was obtained. Information about feeding practices and use of comforters or ‘dummies’ was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire completed by parents of the selected children. Information was collected for the age periods of 0–3 months, 4–6 months, 7–12 months, 13–24 months and 25–36 months. Most of the children (81.8 per cent) were breast-fed at some stage. However the percentage of children being breast-fed decreased markedly across age periods, particularly to 13–24 months, when only 15.9 per cent of children were being breast-fed. Over half of the children had been bottle-fed with infant formula at some stage. The highest percentage of children being bottle-fed with infant formula occurred in the 4–6 months (42.6 per cent) closely followed by the 7–12 months age period (37.4 per cent). Nearly two-thirds of children were bottle-fed with cow's milk at some stage. The highest percentage of children being bottle-fed with cow's milk occurred in the 13–24 months age period (49.6 per cent). A quarter (24.5 per cent) of the children were put to bed at some stage with a bottle containing cariogenic fluids. The majority of children used a ‘dummy’ at some stage during both day-time and night-time. Parents are in need of advice on appropriate feeding patterns for infants and young children.Amjad H. Wyne,A. John Spencer and Fearnley S. Szuste

State of the knowledge on European marine habitat mapping and degraded habitats

During the last decades, several EU Directives and other international legislations have generated a large number of national initiatives (e.g. marine atlases) and EU programmes on habitat mapping. Nevertheless, the outcomes of these initiatives are fragmented and, to our best knowledge, to date there is no systematic assessment regarding the nature, quality and availability of information across the European seas. One of the main goals of the MERCES project (www.merces-project.eu) is to produce a census of available maps of European key marine habitats, along with their degradation status and restoration potential in the European Seas, providing a potential basis for future discussion on restoration activities. MERCES is producing a census of European marine key habitat maps, degraded habitat maps and investigating key habitat restoration potential. To do this MERCES has i. reviewed known existing habitat maps of European regional seas and provided source citations for all of the information ii. reviewed degraded habitat map resources by regional sea and habitat type (e.g. seagrass, macroalgae, coral gardens, sponge aggregations, seamounts, vents), associated habitat deterioration (e.g. extent of decline), the most common human activities and pressures reported, and the recovery and restoration potential of these habitats iii. reviewed 6 key habitats (including kelp and macroalgal forests, seagrass meadows, coralligenous assemblages, coral gardens and deep-sea bottom communities) and linked 6 major habitat features, such as dynamics, connectivity, structural complexity and vulnerability, to consequences for restoration and the likelihood of restoration succes

Current marine pressures and mechanisms driving changes in marine habitats

Human activities and the resultant pressures they place on the marine environment have been widely demonstrated to contribute to habitat degradation, therefore, their identification and quantification is an essential step towards any meaningful restoration effort. The overall scope of MERCES Deliverable 1.2 is to review current knowledge regarding the major marine pressures placed upon marine ecosystems in EU waters and the mechanisms by which they impact habitats in order to determine potential restoration pathways. An understanding of their geographical distribution is critical for any local assessment of degradation, as well as for planning conservation and restoration actions. This information would ideally be in the form of maps, which: (a) compile single or multiple activities and pressures over broad scales, integrating and visualizing available data and allowing direct identification of aggregations as well as gaps and (b) may be overlaid with habitat maps (or any other map layer containing additional information), thus combining different data levels and producing new information to be used for example when implementing EU policies. The deliverable also documents typical example habitat case studies, the prominent impacts and consequences of activities and pressures towards the identification of possible restoration or mitigation actions. Finally the deliverable discusses pressures, assessments, marine spatial planning and blue growth potential. Activities and pressures are used in a strict sense, where marine activities are undertaken to satisfy the needs of societal drivers (e.g. aquaculture or tourism) and pressures are considered to be the mechanism through which an activity has an actual or potential effect on any part of the ecosystem (e.g. for demersal trawling activity, one pressure would be abrasion of the seabed). Habitats are addressed using a nested approach from large-scale geological features (e.g. shallow soft bottoms) to species-characterised habitats (e.g. Posidonia meadows) because of the way they are referred to in current policy documents which lack standard and precise definitions

Prevention of early childhood caries

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/97473/1/j.1600-0528.1988.tb02094.x.pd

Histological investigation of physiologically resorbing primary teeth using Ag-NOR staining method

PubMed ID: 12028313Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate pulpal tissue of primary teeth in early and late stages of physiological resorption by means of silver-binding nucleolar organizer region (Ag-NOR) staining. Study design. Ten primary teeth in early, ten in the late stage of resorption and five sound premolar teeth pulps as the control group were investigated by means of silver-binding nucleolar organizer region (Ag-NOR) staining. Results. The mean number of Ag-NOR's per nucleus increased with the continuing of the resorption process. The difference in the mean number of Ag-NORs was statistically significant both in the early and late stage of resorption compared with controls (P > 0.001). In the early stage of resorption calcific plates in the apical part of the pulps were observed. Odontoclasts, as well as inflammatory cells, were observed in the late stages of resorption. Conclusions. The increase in the mean number of Ag-NORs per nucleus with the progression of the resorption process in primary teeth suggests that metabolic cell activity in the early stages of resorption is enhanced and increased with the continuing of the process, thus showing the importance of the pulp tissue in the resorption process

Fluoride uptake by enamel in vitro following application of various topical fluoride preparations.

PubMed ID: 8217887Two conventional topical fluoride preparations; APF and neutral 2% NaF gel and two fluoride varnishes; Duraphat and Fluor Protector, were applied to 60 permanent and 20 primary teeth. The teeth were halved to provide test and control groups, and the fluoride uptake was measured using a micro acid etch technique, after 30 seconds and 60 seconds etching periods. All topical fluoride preparations in our study caused some fluoride uptake in permanent and primary tooth enamel compared to the control groups. Duraphat and APF were found to be more effective than the other agents

Hizmet işletmelerine yönelik bir ücret sistemi önerisi

HİZMET İŞLETMELERİNE YÖNELİK ÜCRET SİSTEMİ ÖNERİSİHizmet işletmelerinde insan kaynakları yönetiminin en önemli unsurlarından biri ücret ve maaş yönetimi politikalarıdır. Özellikle, günümüzde işgücü yapısının giderek farklılaşması iş görenlerden, işletmelerin beklentilerini değiştirmekte, bu bağlamda geleneksel ücret ve ödeme sistemleri yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, hizmet işletmelerinin birbirinden çok farklı özellikte ve kültürel yapıda iş görenleri istihdam etmeleri, bu iş görenlere yapılacak ödemelerde çok çeşitli faktörlerin dikkate alınmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada işletmelere yönelik ücret sistemi önerisinin sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu yeni ücret sisteminde şirketin ücret ortalamaları alınarak şirketin ücret kademelerine göre ortalama brüt ücretleri belirlenmiş olup, her bir kademe için en düşük, ortalama ve en yüksek ücret değerleri belirlenecektir. Mevcut ücretler neticesinde elde edilen ortalama ücret tablosu aynı zamanda şirketin ücret politikasının belirlenmesinde ve ücret ayarlamalarında anahtar olarak kullanılacaktır.--------------------WAGE SYSTEM PROPOSAL FOR SERVICE BUSINESSOne of the most important elements of human resources management in service enterprises is wage and salary management policies. In particular, the increasingly differentiation of the labor force structure today changes the expectations of those working, and traditional wage and payment systems remain inadequate in this context. However, it is necessary for service companies to employ people with very different characteristics and cultural structures, and to take into consideration various factors in the payments to be made to these employees. In this study, it is aimed to present the remuneration system proposal for enterprises. In this new remuneration system, average gross wages are determined according to the wage levels of the company by taking the average of wages of the company and the lowest, average and maximum wage values will be determined for each level. The average wage table obtained as a result of the current wages will also be used as a key in determining the wage policy and wage adjustments of the company