238 research outputs found
A. Megill: the Danger of Sacralizing Memory
Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ 15.12.2021; ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ 25.12.2021; ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ 30.12.2021.The article was submitted 15.12.2021; approved after reviewing 25.12.2021; accepted for publication 30.12.2021.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ»Π»Π°Π½Π° ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠ»Π»Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ.The article discusses the relationship between memory and historical science in the concept of historical epistemology by American historian Allan Megill. Based on the analysis done, the danger of the process of sacralization of historical memory is shown. The article discusses the issue of consequences arising with the increase in the value of collective historical memory
Features of Semantic Translation of Collective Historical Memory
The article was submitted 15.09.2022; approved after reviewing 30.09.2022; accepted for publication 15.10.2022.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ 15.09.2022; ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ 30.09.2022; ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ 15.10.2022.The article is devoted to the methodological problem of the interaction of individual and collective in the phenomenon of historical memory. The identification of specific features of collective memory, the nature and dynamics of collective memories allows, on the one hand, to conceptualize collective memory, to substantiate its ontological status, on the other, to reveal the features of the mechanisms of collective memories. The article analyzes such features of collective memory as conventionality, tradition, repeatability, selectivity, etc. The thesis about the ambivalent nature of collective historical memory as a process is defended.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ β ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄. ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°
Influence of the material of weighing bottles on loss-on-drying reproducibility
One of the factors influencing the uncertainty of residual moisture measurements in biological medicinal products is the accumulation of electrostatic charge on the surfaces of weighing bottles and laboratory balances, which results in poor weighing reproducibility. The authors believe that the simplest and most economical solution to this problem is to use weighing bottles made of a conductive material, e.g. metal. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of the material of weighing bottles on the reproducibility of loss-on-drying (LOD) methods. Materials and methods: Model samples for the study were prepared from a sucrose-gelatin medium by lyophilisation and subsequent moisture sorption to achieve a certain residual moisture content. The authors assessed the samplesβ mass uniformity using Shewhartβs X-charts, and analysed their residual moisture content using a loss-on-drying procedure with glass and metal weighing bottles. Statistical processing of the results was carried out by calculating the main statistical indicators: Studentβs t-test and Fisherβs F-test. Results: Four batches of model samples were prepared and standardised in terms of average mass using Shewhartβs charts. The effect of weighing bottle materials was most pronounced at low residual moisture contents (less than 0.5%), with the relative standard deviation (RSD) values for the results obtained with glass and metal weighing bottles reaching 76% and 35%, respectively. For the samples with a higher residual moisture content (2β5%), the minimum RSDs with glass and metal weighing bottles were 15% and 6%, respectively. Conclusions: The study allowed for evaluating the influence of the material of weighing bottles on the results of LOD measurements and demonstrated a higher reproducibility with metal weighing bottles. This confirms the possibility of using metal weighing bottles in quality assessment of biological medicinal products for human use with LOD methods
Lyophilisation of bacterial test strains in a manifold-type apparatus: Effects of freezing and drying parameters, ampoule fill volume, and cotton filter density
Scientific relevance. Lyophilisation is the preferred method at the National Collection of Pathogenic MicroorganismsΒ (NCPM) of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Lyophilisation is used to provide for high standards of test-strain deposition, storage, and transportation and to ensure that test strains maintain their properties. Successful lyophilisation requires conducting experiments to establish the key parameters and critical conditions of the process.Aim. The study aimed to evaluate the effects that the speed and time of freezing, the time of drying, the fill volume of ampoules, and the density of cotton filters have on the quality ofΒ NCPM indicator microorganisms lyophilised in a manifold-type apparatus.Materials and methods. Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTCΒ 12924, Staphylococcus aureus NCTCΒ 10788, and Salmonella Abony NCTCΒ 6017 were freeze-dried using a manifold-type apparatus (M. S. R. 18, Usifroid). The authors used a low-temperature freezer at β70Β±2Β Β°C for slow freezing and a mixture of dry ice and alcohol for quick freezing. The statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and StatisticaΒ 10.Results. The minimum time needed for freezing the samples in a low-temperature freezer at β70Β±2Β Β°C was 4 hours. Further storage at this temperature for up to 1Β month was shown possible without compromising the quality of the final product. The time needed for freezing the samples in a mixture of dry ice and alcohol was under 1Β minute. No differences in quality parameters were observed between the lyophilised samples frozen slowly or quickly, except for the cake appearance. Quick freezing resulted in cakes that were non-uniform, crumbled, and pulled away from the ampoule walls, which is considered undesirable. The primary drying stage for ampoules with a fill volume of 0.2 mL took 6β8 hours. The secondary drying stage of 11, 18, 35, and 59 hours resulted in comparable lyophilisate quality: the authors observed no statistically significant differences in viable cell counts (CFU/mL) at the end of lyophilisation and at the end of stress testing. The residual moisture content after 59-hour secondary drying was less than 2%. The cotton filter density had a critical influence on the lyophilisate quality. Therefore, the authors recommend using cotton filters weighing 50Β mg or less.Conclusions. The authors analysed the main stages of the lyophilisation process used for NCPM test strains and considered the effects that the speed and time of freezing, the time of drying, the fill volume of ampoules, and the density of cotton filters have on the quality of the final lyophilised product. The NCPM has implemented the results of this study in its work
Magnetic force microscopy of modified multilayer structures Co/Pt
Π Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠ‘Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Co/Pt Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π‘ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ΅+.We present the results of MFM investigations of domain structure in the multilayer films Co/Pt with perpendicular anisotropy modified by deposition of additional covering Co layer and by the local irradiation with He+ beams.Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π€ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌ (ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ β 16-12-10254)
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
One of the factors influencing the uncertainty of residual moisture measurements in biological medicinal products is the accumulation of electrostatic charge on the surfaces of weighing bottles and laboratory balances, which results in poor weighing reproducibility. The authors believe that the simplest and most economical solution to this problem is to use weighing bottles made of a conductive material, e.g. metal. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of the material of weighing bottles on the reproducibility of loss-on-drying (LOD) methods. Materials and methods: Model samples for the study were prepared from a sucrose-gelatin medium by lyophilisation and subsequent moisture sorption to achieve a certain residual moisture content. The authors assessed the samplesβ mass uniformity using Shewhartβs X-charts, and analysed their residual moisture content using a loss-on-drying procedure with glass and metal weighing bottles. Statistical processing of the results was carried out by calculating the main statistical indicators: Studentβs t-test and Fisherβs F-test. Results: Four batches of model samples were prepared and standardised in terms of average mass using Shewhartβs charts. The effect of weighing bottle materials was most pronounced at low residual moisture contents (less than 0.5%), with the relative standard deviation (RSD) values for the results obtained with glass and metal weighing bottles reaching 76% and 35%, respectively. For the samples with a higher residual moisture content (2β5%), the minimum RSDs with glass and metal weighing bottles were 15% and 6%, respectively. Conclusions: The study allowed for evaluating the influence of the material of weighing bottles on the results of LOD measurements and demonstrated a higher reproducibility with metal weighing bottles. This confirms the possibility of using metal weighing bottles in quality assessment of biological medicinal products for human use with LOD methods.ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ: ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎ-ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π»Π°Π³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π₯-ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π¨ΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, t-ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π‘ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π€ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π¨ΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 0,5%): ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΎ 76%, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² β 35%. ΠΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² (2β5%) ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎ 15% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ 6% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ: ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Β«ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈΒ»
ΠΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°: Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠ» ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°
Scientific relevance. Lyophilisation is the preferred method at the National Collection of Pathogenic MicroorganismsΒ (NCPM) of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Lyophilisation is used to provide for high standards of test-strain deposition, storage, and transportation and to ensure that test strains maintain their properties. Successful lyophilisation requires conducting experiments to establish the key parameters and critical conditions of the process.Aim. The study aimed to evaluate the effects that the speed and time of freezing, the time of drying, the fill volume of ampoules, and the density of cotton filters have on the quality ofΒ NCPM indicator microorganisms lyophilised in a manifold-type apparatus.Materials and methods. Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTCΒ 12924, Staphylococcus aureus NCTCΒ 10788, and Salmonella Abony NCTCΒ 6017 were freeze-dried using a manifold-type apparatus (M. S. R. 18, Usifroid). The authors used a low-temperature freezer at β70Β±2Β Β°C for slow freezing and a mixture of dry ice and alcohol for quick freezing. The statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and StatisticaΒ 10.Results. The minimum time needed for freezing the samples in a low-temperature freezer at β70Β±2Β Β°C was 4 hours. Further storage at this temperature for up to 1Β month was shown possible without compromising the quality of the final product. The time needed for freezing the samples in a mixture of dry ice and alcohol was under 1Β minute. No differences in quality parameters were observed between the lyophilised samples frozen slowly or quickly, except for the cake appearance. Quick freezing resulted in cakes that were non-uniform, crumbled, and pulled away from the ampoule walls, which is considered undesirable. The primary drying stage for ampoules with a fill volume of 0.2 mL took 6β8 hours. The secondary drying stage of 11, 18, 35, and 59 hours resulted in comparable lyophilisate quality: the authors observed no statistically significant differences in viable cell counts (CFU/mL) at the end of lyophilisation and at the end of stress testing. The residual moisture content after 59-hour secondary drying was less than 2%. The cotton filter density had a critical influence on the lyophilisate quality. Therefore, the authors recommend using cotton filters weighing 50Β mg or less.Conclusions. The authors analysed the main stages of the lyophilisation process used for NCPM test strains and considered the effects that the speed and time of freezing, the time of drying, the fill volume of ampoules, and the density of cotton filters have on the quality of the final lyophilised product. The NCPM has implemented the results of this study in its work.ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ.Β Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π€ΠΠΠ£ Β«ΠΠ¦ΠΠ‘ΠΠΒ» ΠΠΈΠ½Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²Π° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠ», ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π’Π΅ΡΡ-ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ PseudomonasΒ aeruginosaΒ NCTCΒ 12924, StaphylococcusΒ aureusΒ NCTCΒ 10788, SalmonellaΒ AbonyΒ NCTCΒ 6017 Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Β Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ β70Β±2Β Β°Π‘ Π²Β Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Β (ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΊΠ°) ΠΈΒ Π²Β ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Β«ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Β» ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌΒ (Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΊΠ°). Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ MSΒ ExΡel ΠΈΒ Statistica,Β v.Β 10.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠ» Π² Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ β70Β±2 Β°Π‘ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 4 Ρ, Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π΅ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ 1 ΠΌΠ΅Ρ. Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠ» Π² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Β«ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Β» ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 1 ΠΌΠΈΠ½. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΊΠ΅, Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°: ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ, Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠ» Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 0,2Β ΠΌΠ» ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 6β8Β Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 11, 18, 35 ΠΈΒ 59Β Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°: ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊΒ (ΠΠΠ/ΠΌΠ») ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΒ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π΅Β ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ. Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²Β ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 59Β ΡΒ β ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 2Β %. ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 50Β ΠΌΠ³.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²: ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠ», ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²
Magnetic force microscope tip-induced remagnetization of CoPt nanodisks with perpendicular anisotropy
We report on the results of a magnetic force microscopy investigation of remagnetization processes in arrays of CoPt nanodisks with diameters of 35 and 200 nm and a thickness of 9.8 nm fabricated by e-beam lithography and ion etching. The controllable magnetization reversal of individual CoPt nanodisks by the magnetic force microscope (MFM) tip-induced magnetic field was demonstrated. We observed experimentally two essentially different processes of tip-induced remagnetization. Magnetization reversal of 200 nm disks was observed when the probe moved across the particle while in case of 35 nm nanodisks one-touch remagnetization was realized. Micromagnetic modeling based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation demonstrated that the tip-induced magnetization reversal occurs through the essentially inhomogeneous states. Computer simulations confirmed that in case of 200 nm disks the mechanism of embryo nucleation with reversed magnetization and further dynamic propagation following the probe moving across the particle was realized. On the other hand one-touch remagnetization of 35 nm disks occurs through the inhomogeneous vortexlike state. Micromagnetic LLG simulations showed that magnetization reversal in an inhomogeneous MFM probe field has a lower energy barrier in comparison with the mechanism of coherent rotation, which takes place in a homogeneous external magnetic field
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