28 research outputs found
Economic Valuation of Environmental Values of the Landscape Development and Protection Area of Volcji Potok
When the market for a certain good is competitive enough, economic activities can be studied by the market pricing mechanism. Because this is usually not feasible in case of environmental goods with embodied natural and cultural heritage, particular methods for economic valuation of such goods have to be applied. The present article represents the economic valuation of the Landscape Development and Protection Area of Vol誩 Potok, which is an important Slovenian cultural landscape area with internationally recognized characteristics. For this purpose we have chosen the method of contingent valuation and performed an econometric analysis of stated and true willingness-to-pay. We obtained the value of willingness-to-pay and determined its determinants. We also made an attempt to control for different biases that arise in such analyses. At last, we used the adjusted average individual value of willingness-to-pay to calculate the aggregate willingness-to-pay.bivariate probit model; contingent valuation method; discrete choice method; embedding effects; environmental values; starting point bias; willingness-to-pay
Porez na ugljik kao mjera smanjenja emisije ugljičnog dioksida
Internalizacija eksternih troškova emisija ugljičnog dioksida (CO2) u obliku poreza na ugljik ima određene učinke na domaćinstva, industriju i cijelu ekonomiju. Dodatno opterećenje potrošnje energije u domaćinstvima porezom na ugljik socijalno je osjetljiva tema. Potrošnja energije, naime, vrlo se malo razlikuje po domaćinstvima i zbog toga bi linearno oporezivanje relativno više opteretilo domaćinstva s niskim dohocima. Zbog toga nastali uvjeti zahtijevaju progresivno oporezivanje. Usto, regresivni se učinak poreza na ugljik na energiju koja se upotebljava u domaćinstvima dijelomice izravnava s progresivnim učinkom poreza na ugljik na motorna goriva. Glede utjecaja na konkurentnost na osnovi rezultata međusektorskoga cjenovnog modela možemo zaključiti da porez na ugljik kratkoročno znači povećanje cijena u svim sektorima gospodarstva i zbog toga smanjenje konkurentnosti. Osnovna obilježja oporezivanja u skandinavskim državama vrlo su slična (indirektno oporezivanje emisije na temelju sadržaja ugljika u pojedinim gorivima, sve šira primjena trošarina na veći broj proizvoda, različito oporezivanje goriva tako da je porez na jedinicu ugljika što ujednačeniji, razlikovanje poreza prema potrošačima energije). Predmet oporezivanja su fosilna goriva, a katkad i potrošnja električne energije. Glede povezivanja poreza na ugljik s drugim porezima, u Švedskoj i u Danskoj su uz uvođenje tog poreza istodobno snizili postojeće energetske poreze, a u Finskoj i Nizozemskoj samo su ga dodali već uvedenim porezima. Zanimljivo je da se svugdje pokušava postići smanjenje emisije CO2 i istodobno porezni prihod upotrijebiti za snižavanje poreza na dohodak od rada, te na taj način povećati zapošljavanje. Među europskim državama koje su već uvele porez na ugljik Slovenija se, s 14,6 EUR po toni CO2, svrstava odmah iza Danske (14,3 EUR/t CO2) i Finske (13,7 EUR/t CO2), a Švedska s 42,1 EUR/t CO2 znatno prelazi taj prosjek. Porez na jedinicu goriva najviši je u Švedskoj
Economic Instruments for Reducing CO2 Emmissions and their Consequences
This contribution is an economic evaluation of various combinations of economic instruments for reducing CO2 emissions. The evaluation of effects linked to the achievement of Kyoto and post-Kyoto goals was developed by using the GEME3 general equilibrium model as developed within the framework of the 5. and 6. EU OP (project ENG2-CT- 1999-00002). We are calculating the effects of varying environmental policies for Slovenia based on variations in key macroeconomical markers. The most important finding is, that the loss of competitive advantages for Slovenia due to enforced environmental protection measures is not sizeable. The most favorable scenario in macroeconomic terms is the scenario of emissions trading in energy intensive sectors with a gradual transition to auctioning and carbon taxation in other sectors, whereby the tax revenues are returned to reduce the rate of social security contributions
Economic Valuation of Environmental Values of the Landscape Development and Protection Area of Volcji Potok
When the market for a certain good is competitive enough, economic activities can be studied by the market pricing mechanism. Because this is usually not feasible in case of environmental goods with embodied natural and cultural heritage, particular methods for economic valuation of such goods have to be applied. The present article represents the economic valuation of the Landscape Development and Protection Area of Vol誩 Potok, which is an important Slovenian cultural landscape area with internationally recognized characteristics. For this purpose we have chosen the method of contingent valuation and performed an econometric analysis of stated and true willingness-to-pay. We obtained the value of willingness-to-pay and determined its determinants. We also made an attempt to control for different biases that arise in such analyses. At last, we used the adjusted average individual value of willingness-to-pay to calculate the aggregate willingness-to-pay
Economic Valuation of Environmental Values of the Landscape Development and Protection Area of Volcji Potok
When the market for a certain good is competitive enough, economic activities can be studied by the market pricing mechanism. Because this is usually not feasible in case of environmental goods with embodied natural and cultural heritage, particular methods for economic valuation of such goods have to be applied. The present article represents the economic valuation of the Landscape Development and Protection Area of Vol誩 Potok, which is an important Slovenian cultural landscape area with internationally recognized characteristics. For this purpose we have chosen the method of contingent valuation and performed an econometric analysis of stated and true willingness-to-pay. We obtained the value of willingness-to-pay and determined its determinants. We also made an attempt to control for different biases that arise in such analyses. At last, we used the adjusted average individual value of willingness-to-pay to calculate the aggregate willingness-to-pay
Multiple Kriterien bei der Bewertung von Produktionsbereichen und ihres Einflusses auf das Wachstum der Lebensqualität
The pitfalls of distorted consumption patterns are increasingly
clear in modern society. They are seen in the vicious circle of
rushed work, earning and spending, which does not generally
provide people with greater life satisfaction. As much research
has indicated, a \u27happiness paradox\u27 occurs. In developed countries,
at least, people are not becoming happier, although their
material wealth or living standard has continually increased over
time. This indicates that other non-material elements of well-being
are at least as important as material elements for satisfaction
with life. This suggests that a paradigm for social development
must be directed away from increasing one-sided economic
development at any cost towards sustainable development, if not
to maximising the overall happiness in a society. This paper
brings an innovative attempt to provide some guidance as to the
question which changes in the production structure, beside
changes in consumption pattern, could contribute more to higher
quality of life. It uses an established method – multi-criteria
decision analysis (MCDA) – to combine academic theoretical and
empirical work on happiness with the policy goal of increasing
quality of life and promoting sustainable development. The use
of multiple criteria assessment ranks production sectors on the
basis of their contribution to the individual and overall quality of
life criteria. The paper addresses the case of Slovenia, though the
method is equally applicable in principle to other countries.Zamke iskrivljenih uzoraka potrošnje sve više dolaze do izražaja
u modernom društvu. Vidimo ih u začaranom krugu
preopterećenosti poslom, zaradom i trošenjem, što u pravilu
ljudima ne donosi veće životno zadovoljstvo. Istraživanja
pokazuju da dolazi do "paradoksa sreće". Barem u razvijenim
zemljama, ljudi ne postaju sretniji zbog toga što im se s
vremenom stalno povećava materijalno bogatstvo ili životni
standard. Ta nas činjenica upućuje na zaključak kako su za
zadovoljstvo životom ostali nematerijalni faktori dobrobiti u
najmanju ruku jednako važni kao i materijalni. Zaključujemo i to
da paradigma društvenoga razvoja mora biti preusmjerena od
sve većega jednostranog ekonomskog razvoja pošto-poto prema
održivom razvoju, ako ne čak i prema postizanju najveće
moguće opće razine sreće u društvu. Ovaj rad donosi originalan
pristup pitanju koje promjene u strukturi produkcije, osim
promjena uzoraka potrošnje, mogu pridonijeti ostvarivanju veće
kvalitete života. Služimo se provjerenom metodom – MCDA
(višekriterijska analiza odlučivanja) – kako bismo kombinirali
teoretsku i empirijsku literaturu o sreći, s ciljem povećanja kvalitete
života i promicanja održivog razvoja. Primjenom metode procjene,
uz MCDA, rangiraju se sektori proizvodnje na temelju
njihova doprinosa pojedinačnim kriterijima i općoj kvaliteti života.
Rad se temelji na slovenskim iskustvima, a metoda bi se jednako
uspješno mogla primijeniti i na druge zemlje.In der modernen Gesellschaft kommen deformierte
Konsumverhaltensmuster immer stärker zum Ausdruck. Sie
manifestieren sich in dem Teufelskreislauf von
Arbeitsüberbelastung, häufig hohem Verdienst und zu hohen
Ausgaben, was die Menschen in der Regel aber nicht
zufriedener macht. Untersuchungen haben Forscher auf ein entsprechendes „Glücksparadox" aufmerksam gemacht:
Zumindest in den Industriestaaten werden die Menschen trotz
wachsenden Reichtums und höheren Lebensstandards nicht
glücklicher. Daraus lässt sich schließen, dass andere, nichtmaterielle
Faktoren menschlichen Wohlergehens mindestens
ebenso wichtig sind wie materielle Faktoren. Ebenso muss
das Paradigma der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung umgeleitet
werden von einseitigem Wirtschaftswachstum um jeden Preis
hin zu Nachhaltigkeit, wenn nicht gar zu größtmöglichem
Glück innerhalb der Gesellschaft. Dieser Artikel bringt einen
originellen Ansatz zur Frage, welche Veränderungen in der
Produktionsstruktur – neben Veränderungen im
Konsumverhaltensmuster – zu einer besseren Lebensqualität
beitragen können. Unter Anwendung der bewährten MCDAMethode
(Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis) kombinieren
die Verfasser theoretische und empirische Werke zur
Glücksforschung mit dem Ziel, die Lebensqualität zu steigern
und das Konzept der Nachhaltigkeit voranzubringen. Die
verschiedenen Produktionsbereiche werden rangiert je
nachdem, wie sie einzelne Qualitätskriterien erfüllen und
allgemein zur Lebensqualität beitragen. Der vorliegende
Artikel gründet sich auf eine in Slowenien durchgeführte
Untersuchung, könnte aber ohne Weiteres auch auf andere
Länder angewandt werden
Social Feedback Loop in the Organic Food Purchase Decision-Making Process
To ensure the food industry continues to grow, it is vital to properly understand the factors that impact the purchasing of organic food. Research offers ambiguous findings about what drives consumers to decide to purchase food labeled as organic. This study advances the current theories on organic food-purchasing behavior, which overlook the importance of the two-way interaction of social norms and individual behavior, suggesting that the role of social norms may have been simplified. We suggest the causal processes associated with organic food decision-making involve the social feedback loop, a powerful force that takes the current state into the phase of transition. Positive feedback is key to maintaining and developing the sustainable behavior of the society, where an initial change in consumer behavior to purchase organic food is magnified when that change resounds through social norms. This is especially pronounced in Norway and Slovenia, where marketers can make more cost- and time-efficient use of persuasive messages and requests. In addition, we provide a comprehensive delineation of organic food purchase decision-making of close to 14,000 individuals from 15 countries that includes key psychosocial antecedents, along with Schwartz’s values, attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions. Using a mixed-methods approach (i.e., statistical matching, spatial econometrics, structural equation modeling), the present paper thus intends to add to the understanding of environmentally friendly purchase behavior beyond unidirectional and single-theory relationships
Payments for conservation of animal genetic resources in agriculture: One size fits all?
Maintaining minimum population sizes for local livestock breeds is a key goal in the conservation of animal genetic resources. As markets and livestock production systems have tended to favour a narrow base of high-output improved breeds, countries have had to use financial and other incentives to motivate breeders to keep local breeds. This paper explores the potential for more cost-effective alternatives to the most commonly used financial incentive, a fixed payment per animal or livestock unit. We compare the current fixed payment incentives for local breeds under the Slovenian Rural Development Programmme with those instead determined through a competitive tender approach. A stated preference survey was realised to determine the conditions under which breeders would be willing to participate in such an incentive system based on differentiated payments. Willingness to accept (WTA) payment for conservation was found to differ significantly from actual payment levels, being lower for the local sheep and goat breeds, and higher for the local pig breed. This suggests that implementation of differentiated payments would be more cost-effective; particularly when accompanied by measures to streamline administrative requirements, improve access to breeding stock and target support for local breed market valorisation (e.g., promotion of value chains based on designated quality schemes)
An Econometric Analysis of Willingness to Pay for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of the Volcji Potok Landscape Area. ENEPRI Working Paper, No. 53, 3 May 2007
When the market for a certain good is sufficiently competitive, economic activities can be studied through the market-pricing mechanism. Because this is usually not feasible in the case of environmental goods with an embodied natural and cultural heritage, particular methods for economic valuation of such goods have to be applied. This working paper presents the economic valuation of the Landscape Development and Protection Area of Volcji Potok, which is an important Slovenian cultural landscape with internationally recognised characteristics. For this purpose, we have chosen the method of contingent valuation and performed an econometric analysis of stated and true willingness-to-pay for targeted, sustainable development of the area. We have obtained the value of willingness-to-pay and identified its determinants. We have also attempted to control for different biases that arise in such analyses. Finally, we have used the adjusted, average individual value of willingness-to-pay to calculate the aggregate willingness-to pay
Identification of the factors that affect the environmental administrative burden for businesses
Environmental regulations bring social benefits and contribute to lessening environmental damage. At the same time, due to the rapidly changing and complex environmental legislation, businesses incur costs, including administrative burdens. The article presents quantitative evidence on the factors that affect the compliance costs of environmental regulations. For this purpose, we used a binary model of logistic regression with the following predictors: enterprise characteristics, the relevance of environmental regulations for business operations, and the impact of environmental stimulus measures on compliance costs. The results of the study suggest that medium-sized enterprises are less likely to experience the environmental administrative burden than small enterprises. However, no difference has been found between large and small enterprises. Further, we show that environmental consents are an important determinant of the environmental administrative burden and that financial environmental measures can have a positive impact thereon