Adolescent Marijuana Use and Co-Occurrence with Tobacco Use: Implications for Tobacco Regulation

Background: Marijuana use among high school youth has been declining over the past two decades. However, there has been a notable shift in the national landscape with regards to social norms and marijuana legalization that could allow marijuana to become more available and may compete against prevention efforts among youth. Further, youth continue to utilize innovative ways to consume marijuana. There is a documented relationship between marijuana and tobacco use, particularly with the use of blunts. Despite the documented relationship between tobacco and marijuana use, little is known about the modes of marijuana use in relation to different tobacco products. With the recent FDA changes bringing cigars under the purview of the FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP), there may be an opportunity for CTP regulations of cigar products to impact youth use of both marijuana and tobacco. Methods: This study used data from the 2015 Cleveland Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n=6197) conducted as a census administration in 26 high schools; overall response rate was 66.5%. Youth were asked “During the past 30 days, how did you usually use marijuana?”. Responses were coded as a blunt; in a joint, bong, or pipe (JBP); or some other way. The standard CDC response categories for this item were altered to allow us to specifically examine blunt use. Analyses were restricted to those who smoked marijuana in the past 30 days and were conducted using SPSSv24. Demographic and tobacco use characteristics were examined for each mode of marijuana use. Result: Overall, 74.6% of past 30-day marijuana users reported usually smoking marijuana as a blunt, 15.1% smoked as a JBP, and 10.4% reported using in some other way. Females were more likely to smoke a blunt (79.5% v 71.1%) and less likely to use some other way (6.7% v 13.1%). Blacks were more likely to smoke a blunt compared to Whites and Hispanics (80.8% v 62.3% and 67.0% respectively); Whites were more likely to smoke a JBP compared to Black and Hispanics (33.8% v. 8.9% and 20.1% respectively). Past 30-day cigarette smokers were more likely to have smoked a JBP and less likely to have smoked a blunt compared to non-cigarette smokers. Conversely, past 30-day cigar smokers were more likely to have smoked a blunt and less likely to have smoked a JBP than non-cigar smokers. Youth who vaped in the past 30-days were more likely to use a JBP and use marijuana in some other way compared to youth who had not vaped. In a multivariable logistic regression predicting blunt use or JBP use, cigar product use increased odds of blunting (OR: 1.98) while hookah use was associated with increased odds of JBP. Conclusion: Cigar products are an easily accessible vehicle for smoking marijuana. Federal regulations to restrict youth access to cigar products could have significant impact on adolescent marijuana use, particularly among females and Black youth

Chapter 10 The Multilingual Community Translation Classroom

Community translation is defined as the translation of different types of texts intended to facilitate communication between public services and people who do not have a good command of the mainstream language(s)” (Taibi & Ozolins, 2016, p. 7). It fulfils an important social role in multilingual and multicultural societies such as Australia, by facilitating and encouraging social, economic, and political participation. Community translators play a pivotal role in the diffusion of information produced by the government and other public agencies, as they make it possible for their communities to access high quality information in the language(s) they are proficient in. This chapter will showcase the pedagogical approaches and strategies employed by educators at RMIT University in Melbourne to offer community translation courses to students from more than a dozen language backgrounds, including some new and emerging languages. Such diversity has encouraged the educators to implement reflective and student-led pedagogical approaches to overcome the limitations of sourcing qualified teaching staff in some rare languages, as well as the set contact hours imposed by the institution. The aim of the training is to produce profession-ready graduates who are exposed to the realities of the industry before they graduate

Role of assisted reproduction biotechniques in the transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus

Las biotécnicas de reproducción asistida han adquirido importancia comercial en los últimos años. Asociado a estas técnicas surge el interrogante sobre su rol en la posible transmisión de agentes infecciosos vía semen y ovocitos utilizados como material de partida. La elevada prevalencia y capacidad de causar infecciones reproductivas del virus de la Diarrea Viral Bovina (vDVB) lo ha convertido en un problema potencial en la producción in vitro de embriones. La presente revisión aborda los antecedentes previos sobre la temática y muestra resultados propios sobre las vías de infección del virus de la Diarrea Viral Bovina (vDVB) asociadas a las técnicas de producción in vitro (PIV) y su impacto en la reproducción bovina. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran alteraciones en el desarrollo folicular ovárico asociadas a infecciones persistentes por vDVB. Estas alteraciones fueron reflejadas en la baja eficiencia obtenida en la fecundación in vitro (FIV) como resultado de la interacción temprana entre el virus y la línea germinal del ovario. Por otra parte, se determinó que el vDVB-no citopático (vDVB-ncp) puede atravesar la zona pelúcida de ovocitos bovinos infectados al inicio de la etapa de maduración in vitro (MIV). Este hallazgo pone en evidencia la importancia de controles sanitarios en los sistemas de producción in vitro basados en la comprensión de los riesgos de transmisión del virus a partir de semen y ovocitos. Asimismo, la asociación del vDVB con gametas fue demostrada cuando la FIV se realizó tanto con ovocitos como con semen de animales persistentemente infectados (PI), donde se observó una disminución en las tasas de división y desarrollo de embriones. La información presentada en este artículo de revisión aporta al conocimiento sobre las implicancias de infecciones por vDVB en los sistemas de PIV y su efecto en el desarrollo embrionario, como así también al impacto de la transmisión de la infección en el ganado bovino mediante técnicas de reproducción asistida.Biotechnical of assisted reproduction have become commercially important in recent years. Associated with these techniques the question about his possible role in the transmission of infectious agents via semen and oocytes used as starting material arises. The high prevalence and ability to cause reproductive infections of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has become a potential problem in the in vitro production embryos. This update addresses the previous data on the subject and shows own results on the ways of infection with bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) associated with in vitro production techniques and their impact on the reproduction bovine. The results demonstrate changes in the ovarian follicular development associated with persistent BVDV infection. These changes were reflected in the low efficiency obtained in the in vitro fertilization as a result of early interaction between the virus and ovarian germ line. Moreover, it was determined that non-cytopathic BVDV can cross the zona pellucida of bovine oocytes infected at the beginning of the stage of in vitro maturation. This finding highlights the importance of to understand fully the risks of transmission of virus via semen and oocytes and appropriate quality assurances are used in in vitro production embryos systems (IVP). Likewise, the association of BVDV was demonstrated with gametes when IVF was performed with both types from animals infected persistent, where a decrease was observed in cleavage rates and embryo development. The information obtained in this review article contributes to knowledge about the implications of BVDV infections in IVP systems and its effect on embryonic development, as well as the impact of the transmission of infection in cattle by breeding techniques assisted.Fil: Gonzalez Altamiranda, Erika Analia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Kaiser, Germán Gustavo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Reproduccion; ArgentinaFil: Odeón, Anselmo Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Área de Investigación en Producción y Sanidad Animal; Argentin

A Historical Analysis of the Vocational Guidance of Women

Abstract The development of formal vocational guidance for women has been stalled by gender roles and expectations, restriction of occupational opportunities, and societal norms. Among women, the development of formal vocational guidance has also been stunted by racism and classism. A review of diverse women’s occupational experiences, vocational guidance, and utilization of interest inventories throughout the early to mid-1900s is provided. The impact of increased opportunities, social attitudes, and WWII on women’s occupation experience is explored. However, these opportunities mostly benefitted affluent White women, and the early literature contains little mention of diverse groups of women. During the first half of the 20th century, most women of color and women with fewer financial resources were excluded from formal vocational guidance. Thus, historical literature, contextual information, and contemporary analysis are provided to explore the development of vocational guidance for women, and underrepresented diverse women in particular. This paper highlights the historical roots of modern sexism in career counseling, and the need for cultural attitude shifts in addition to increasing women’s presence in various occupational fields

From historical railways to cycleways. Re-functioning the heritage of linear monuments

This paper proposes a reflection on the relationship between historical infrastructures and cycleways. In Italy, with the Law 2/2018, rules have been provided for the development of bicycle mobility and the creation of a national cycleway network. The recovery of historical infrastructures is particularly promoted. Among these, disused railway lines reveal a specific vocation for cycling reuse. Unlike highway infrastructures, whose design is bound to parameters that imply a substantial autonomy from the landform, historical railways show how the project of territorial infrastructures can stage the architectural geography of anthropic and natural landscapes. Moreover, recovered in view of slow mobility usage, they appear as linear monuments capable of restoring the identity and stratified memories of the territory. With particular reference to the international cycleways longitudinally crossing the peninsula, along the Apennines, this paper focuses on the description of the architectural characteristics of several historical railway infrastructures, selected according to different geomorphological contexts. Aim of these slow mobility infrastructures is also to contribute to the revitalization of ‘inner areas’ of the peninsula. The knowledge of historical infrastructure is, in fact, assumed as a prerequisite for the design of cycleways that are able to relate to the territories and the multiplicity of their settlement forms