Occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, despite having been widely discussed for nearly half a century, is still rarely addressed in Brazil. Various studies, especially those that were population-based, have revealed the relationship between occupational exposure to aerosols and impairment of the airways. This chapter aims to remind physicians of the diagnosis of occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by presenting a succinct review of the literature on the theme, which should be incorporated into the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, in terms of the scope of the diagnostic basis as well as in terms of the questionnaire specific for the disease. Collecting detailed work histories and characterizing exposure to inhaled agents known to have deleterious effects on the respiratory system will surely result in improved approaches to making diagnoses and prognoses of this disease, as well as contributing to its greater control.A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica ocupacional, apesar de ampla discussão há quase meio século, ainda é muito pouco abordada em nosso meio. Diversos estudos, especialmente os de base populacional, revelaram a associação entre as exposições ocupacionais aos aerodispersóides e o comprometimento das vias aéreas. Este capítulo objetiva alertar para o diagnóstico da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica de origem ocupacional apresentando uma revisão suscinta sobre o tema que deverá ser incorporado ao projeto Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, tanto no seu escopo de fundamentação diagnóstica quanto em seu questionário específico. O detalhamento da história ocupacional e a caracterização da exposição a agentes inalatórios, de reconhecida ação deletéria para o aparelho respiratório, seguramente proporcionarão uma melhor abordagem para o reconhecimento, prognóstico e controle dessa doença.Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e SocialUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Santa Casa de São Paulo Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUNIFESPSciEL

Work history

Just as a complete patient history is fundamental to making any diagnosis, the history of environmental exposure in the workplace forms the informational base needed in order to understand occupational respiratory diseases. It is estimated that 20% of all cases of interstitial or airway disease are related to such exposure. However, information regarding potential environmental exposure is rarely included in the patient history, nor is job/occupation/function taken into consideration. Therefore, this theme has become pivotal to the discussion among health care professionals working in this area, who must decide whether evaluating and estimating the magnitude of this problem are truly desirable goals.Da mesma forma que uma boa anamnese é fundamental para o diagnóstico em geral, a história de exposição ambiental e ocupacional é informação basilar para o entendimento das doenças respiratórias ocupacionais. Estima-se que até 20% das doenças intersticiais e das vias aéreas são decorrentes dessas exposições. Por outro lado, raramente encontramos na anamnese informações sobre eventuais exposições ambientais ou sobre o trabalho/ocupação/função dos nossos pacientes. Assim, esse tema torna-se imprescindível à discussão entre os profissionais de saúde envolvidos nesse campo da atuação médica, se realmente almejamos avaliar a estimativa da magnitude desse problema em nosso meio.S12S1

Evaluation of respiratory dysfunction and disability

The determination of functional consequences (dysfunction) and their impact on daily life (incapacitation) is central to the evaluation of patients with occupational respiratory diseases. The present review addresses the fundamentals underlying the instruments used to determine the degree of dysfunction, including clinical aspects, as well as those related to pulmonary function and, in some circumstances, exercise tolerance. In particular, a multifactorial system of classifying the degree of dysfunction is presented, with the objective of informing decisions related to the awarding of retirement benefits in Brazil.A determinaçâo das conseqüências funcionais (disfunção) e do seu impacto na vida diária (incapacidade) são aspectos centrais da avalição de pacientes com doença ocupacional respiratória. A presente revisão apresenta as bases fundamentais para o entendimento dos instrumentos utilizados para a definição do grau de disfunção, incluindo aspectos clínicos, funcionais pulmonares e, em algumas circunstâncias, da capacidade de exercício. Em especial, apresenta-se uma classificação multifatorial do grau de disfunção com o intuito de nortear a concessão ou não de benefícios previdenciários em nosso meio.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ciências Médicas DMPSUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de MedicinaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de MedicinaSciEL

[work History].

Just as a complete patient history is fundamental to making any diagnosis, the history of environmental exposure in the workplace forms the informational base needed in order to understand occupational respiratory diseases. It is estimated that 20% of all cases of interstitial or airway disease are related to such exposure. However, information regarding potential environmental exposure is rarely included in the patient history, nor is job/occupation/function taken into consideration. Therefore, this theme has become pivotal to the discussion among health care professionals working in this area, who must decide whether evaluating and estimating the magnitude of this problem are truly desirable goals.32 Suppl 2S12-

Granulomatous diseases of occupational etiology

A variety of diseases are encompassed in the didactic denomination of granulomatous diseases of probable occupational etiology. As well as presenting similar clinical aspects, such diseases are characterized by certain common traits: formation of granulomas; systemic and respiratory manifestations; environmental or occupational exposure to organic or inorganic agents; and T lymphocyte involvement in the pathogenesis. Included in this category are hypersensitivity pneumonitis, mycobacteriosis (all forms) and sarcoidosis, as well as beryllium disease and other lung diseases caused by exposure to heavy metals. In order to highlight the risk of developing one of these diseases as a result of environmental or occupational exposure to etiologic agents, we address aspects related to epidemiology, pathogenesis and evaluation of exposure of these diseases, as well as those related to diagnostic criteria, prevention and control. We have given special emphasis to groups of individuals considered to be at high risk for developing these diseases, as well as to the need for health care professionals to remain aware of the potential occupational etiology of such diseases, a decisive factor in devising effective measures of prevention and epidemiological surveillance.Por apresentarem achados comuns caracterizados pela formação de granulomas; manisfestações sistêmicas e respiratórias; exposição ambiental e ocupacional a agentes orgânicos e inorgânicos; envolvimento de linfócitos T em sua patogênese e aspectos clínicos similares, a pneumonite por hipersensibilidade, as micobacterioses, a sarcoidose e as doenças pulmonares por exposição ao berílio e aos metais duros, foram englobadas numa denominação didática como doenças granulomatosas de provável etiologia ocupacional. Com o intuito de destacar a possibilidade da exposição ambiental e ocupacional como desencadeadora dessas doenças, algumas considerações sobre os aspectos epidemiológicos, da avaliação da exposição, da patogênese, dos critérios diagnósticos e da prevenção e controle dessas doenças foram abordados. Foram destacados, também, grupos de indivíduos considerados como de maior risco de acometimento e a necessidade dos profissionais da área da saúde estarem atentos em relação a eventual etiologia ocupacional dessas doenças, fator decisivo para a elaboração de medidas efetivas de prevenção e de vigilância epidemiológica.Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ciência Médicas Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e SocialUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Instituto Clemente FerreiraUNIFESPSciEL

[diseases Of The Upper Respiratory Tract].

A great number of agents found in inhaled air, whether in the environment or in the workplace, can cause symptoms and diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Unfortunately, establishing the cause-and-effect relationship between exposure to one of the various types of agents that can provoke such diseases and the diseases themselves is not routine practice among the health professionals involved. A comprehensive list of these agents and their relationships with the effects and onset of such illnesses is available in the literature. Chief among these ills are rhinosinusitis, dysphonia and ulceration/perforation of the nasal septum, as well as tumors in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses, all of which can be work related. Although widely available, diagnostic procedures for the investigation of occupational etiology are not yet routinely employed. In general, early identification of, and discontinuation of the contact with, the causal agent can resolve the problem, thereby averting the development of the chronic form of the disease. As with other types of occupational respiratory diseases, prevention and control programs are indispensable in the fight against these illnesses.32 Suppl 2S17-2

[occupational Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease].

Occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, despite having been widely discussed for nearly half a century, is still rarely addressed in Brazil. Various studies, especially those that were population-based, have revealed the relationship between occupational exposure to aerosols and impairment of the airways. This chapter aims to remind physicians of the diagnosis of occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by presenting a succinct review of the literature on the theme, which should be incorporated into the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, in terms of the scope of the diagnostic basis as well as in terms of the questionnaire specific for the disease. Collecting detailed work histories and characterizing exposure to inhaled agents known to have deleterious effects on the respiratory system will surely result in improved approaches to making diagnoses and prognoses of this disease, as well as contributing to its greater control.32 Suppl 2S35-4

Identification of rounded atelectasis in workers exposed to asbestos by contrast helical computed tomography

Rounded atelectasis (RA) is a benign and unusual form of subpleural lung collapse that has been described mostly in asbestos-exposed workers. This form of atelectasis manifests as a lung nodule and can be confused with bronchogenic carcinoma upon conventional radiologic examination. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the variation in contrast uptake in computed tomography for the identification of asbestos-related RA in Brazil. Between January 1998 and December 2000, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was performed in 1658 asbestos-exposed workers. the diagnosis was made in nine patients based on a history of prior asbestos exposure, the presence of characteristic (HRCT) findings and lesions unchanged in size over 2 years or more. in three of them the diagnosis was confirmed during surgery. the dynamic contrast enhancement study was modified to evaluate nodules and pulmonary masses. All nine patients with RA received iodide contrast according to weight. the average enhancement after iodide contrast was infused, reported as Hounsfield units (HU), increased from 62.5 +/- 9.7 to 125.4 +/- 20.7 (P < 0.05), with a mean enhancement of 62.5 +/- 19.7 (range 40 to 89) and with a uniform dense opacification. in conclusion, in this study all patients with RA showed contrast enhancement with uniform dense opacification. the main clinical implication of this finding is that this procedure does not permit differentiation between RA and malignant pulmonary neoplasm.Grp Interinst Estudos Doencas Relacionadas Amiant, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Fac Med, Hosp Clin, Inst Corcao,Disciplina Pneumol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Fac Med, Disciplinas Radiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Fac Med, Disciplinas Patol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Campinas, Fac Med, Area Med Ocupac, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Disciplinas Pneumol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Disciplinas Radiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Disciplinas Pneumol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Disciplinas Radiol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

[granulomatous Diseases Of Occupational Etiology].

A variety of diseases are encompassed in the didactic denomination of granulomatous diseases of probable occupational etiology. As well as presenting similar clinical aspects, such diseases are characterized by certain common traits: formation of granulomas; systemic and respiratory manifestations; environmental or occupational exposure to organic or inorganic agents; and T lymphocyte involvement in the pathogenesis. Included in this category are hypersensitivity pneumonitis, mycobacteriosis (all forms) and sarcoidosis, as well as beryllium disease and other lung diseases caused by exposure to heavy metals. In order to highlight the risk of developing one of these diseases as a result of environmental or occupational exposure to etiologic agents, we address aspects related to epidemiology, pathogenesis and evaluation of exposure of these diseases, as well as those related to diagnostic criteria, prevention and control. We have given special emphasis to groups of individuals considered to be at high risk for developing these diseases, as well as to the need for health care professionals to remain aware of the potential occupational etiology of such diseases, a decisive factor in devising effective measures of prevention and epidemiological surveillance.32 Suppl 2S69-8

Granulomatous diseases of occupational etiology

A variety of diseases are encompassed in the didactic denomination of granulomatous diseases of probable occupational etiology. As well as presenting similar clinical aspects, such diseases are characterized by certain common traits: formation of granulomas; systemic and respiratory manifestations; environmental or occupational exposure to organic or inorganic agents; and T lymphocyte involvement in the pathogenesis. Included in this category are hypersensitivity pneumonitis, mycobacteriosis (all forms) and sarcoidosis, as well as beryllium disease and other lung diseases caused by exposure to heavy metals. In order to highlight the risk of developing one of these diseases as a result of environmental or occupational exposure to etiologic agents, we address aspects related to epidemiology, pathogenesis and evaluation of exposure of these diseases, as well as those related to diagnostic criteria, prevention and control. We have given special emphasis to groups of individuals considered to be at high risk for developing these diseases, as well as to the need for health care professionals to remain aware of the potential occupational etiology of such diseases, a decisive factor in devising effective measures of prevention and epidemiological surveillance.Por apresentarem achados comuns caracterizados pela formação de granulomas; manisfestações sistêmicas e respiratórias; exposição ambiental e ocupacional a agentes orgânicos e inorgânicos; envolvimento de linfócitos T em sua patogênese e aspectos clínicos similares, a pneumonite por hipersensibilidade, as micobacterioses, a sarcoidose e as doenças pulmonares por exposição ao berílio e aos metais duros, foram englobadas numa denominação didática como doenças granulomatosas de provável etiologia ocupacional. Com o intuito de destacar a possibilidade da exposição ambiental e ocupacional como desencadeadora dessas doenças, algumas considerações sobre os aspectos epidemiológicos, da avaliação da exposição, da patogênese, dos critérios diagnósticos e da prevenção e controle dessas doenças foram abordados. Foram destacados, também, grupos de indivíduos considerados como de maior risco de acometimento e a necessidade dos profissionais da área da saúde estarem atentos em relação a eventual etiologia ocupacional dessas doenças, fator decisivo para a elaboração de medidas efetivas de prevenção e de vigilância epidemiológica.S69S8