Charles A. Dana, the Civil War Era, and American Republicanism

When Charles A. Dana bought the New York Sun in 1868, he used it to support the presidential candidacy of Ulysses S. Grant and the Republican Party ticket to unify the post-Civil War nation. After a victory for the Civil War general and Republican Party, though, the first fifteen months of the new administration turned the editor against the president and his party. Dana’s Sun criticized Grant and his allies as corrupt, of using the military for political ends, and of growing the size and power of government beyond traditional American practice. Against the backdrop of Reconstruction, Dana also decried the Grant administration’s foreign policy, especially regarding the ongoing war in Cuba. This dissertation explores how Dana’s interpretation of republican values clashed with the American response to transatlantic politics to justify further criticism of the president and his party between March 1869 and the election of 1872

Tolerance to mutations in the foot-and-mouth disease virus integrin-binding RGD region is different in cultured cells and in vivo and depends on the capsid sequence context.

Engineered RNAs carrying substitutions in the integrin receptor-binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were constructed (aa 141-147 of VP1 capsid protein) and their infectivity was assayed in cultured cells and suckling mice. The effect of these changes was studied in the capsid proteins of two FMDVs, C-S8c1, which enters cells through integrins, and 213hs(-), a derivative highly adapted to cell culture whose ability to infect cells using the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) as receptor, acquired by multiple passage on BHK-21 cells, has been abolished. The capsid sequence context determined infectivity in cultured cells and directed the selection of additional replacements in structural proteins. Interestingly, a viral population derived from a C-S8c1/L144A mutant, carrying only three substitutions in the capsid, was able to expand tropism to wild-type (wt) and mutant (mt)glycosaminoglycan-deficient CHO cells. In contrast, the 213hs(-) capsid tolerated all substitutions analysed with no additional mutations, and the viruses recovered maintained the ability of the 213hs(-) parental virus to infect wt and mt CHO cells. Viruses derived from C-S8c1 with atypical RGD regions were virulent and transmissible for mice with no other changes in the capsid. Substitution of Asp143 for Ala in the C-S8c1 capsid eliminated infectivity in cultured cells and mice. Co-inoculation with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against the type C FMDV RGD region abolished infectivity of C-S8c1 virus on suckling mice, suggesting that FMDV can infect mice using integrins. Sequence requirements imposed for viral entry in vitro and in vivo are discussed

Clasificacion de productos a traves de analisis cluster en una empresa del rubro automotriz

128 p.La información que es posible generar en toda organización resulta ser muy importante para llevar a cabo una adecuada toma de decisiones, lo cual es una tarea vital para cualquier empresa que desea mantenerse en el tiempo. En ese sentido, el cómo puede adquirirse información en base a los datos generados por las actividades realizadas por un área específica, torna de ideas y respuestas no siempre aplicables totalmente. En el presente trabajo se lleva a cabo una metodología de Análisis Cluster, basada en los conceptos del estudio multivariante que permite examinar diferentes características de objetos, en este caso, productos del rubro automotriz. El objetivo es establecer una clasificación, agrupando los artículos más parecidos entre sí, con el fin de interpretar los grupos generados para así obtener información desconocida hasta el momento. Los resultados del proyecto representan una excelente guía, tanto para replicar estudios similares como para generar estrategias a futuro. Se realiza la selección de un método de clasificación mixto que permite solucionar ciertos problemas, que permiten un resultado favorable y novedoso. Obteniendo así un horizonte novedoso para agrupaciones existentes en la empresa

Sex Difference in Cardiorespiratory Stress from High-Intensity Interval Exercise

High-intensity interval exercise is time efficient and has similar cardiorespiratory health benefits as moderate-intensity continuous exercise. However, the prescription of high-intensity exercise may differ between men and women due to sex differences in cardiovascular function. PURPOSE: Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine whether sex differences exist for absolute and relative oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) when exercise was performed at a percentage of maximal cycling work rate measured in watts (Wmax). METHODS: We recruited 8 active college-aged participants (5 men, 3 women). Participants completed an incremental maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer while VO2, HR, and Wmax were recorded. On a separate day, participants completed a high intensity interval session (4 min bouts with 3 min active recovery) prescribed at 65%Wmax for each bout and at 15%Wmax for the recovery. VO2, HR, and W were averaged from the last minute of each exercise bout for analysis using an independent t-test for sex comparisons. Data are reported in means ± standard deviations and significance was set at PRESULTS: Men exercised at a greater absolute workload than women during interval exercise (191±14 vs. 95±15 W; P2 was higher in men than women during exercise (2.7±0.4 vs. 1.5±0.3 L/min; PP=0.23). Relative VO2 (67±11 vs. 74±6 %VO2max; P=0.15) and HR (95±3 vs. 93±3 %HRmax; P=0.30) were also similar during exercise between sexes. CONCLUSION: In summary, these preliminary data suggest prescribing high-intensity interval exercise at a percentage of maximal work rate results in similar relative cardiorespiratory stress between men and women

A Study Comparing Pre-Ingested L-Leucine and L-Isoleucine on Glycemic Responses in Healthy Inactive Adults: Preliminary Data.

Background The co-ingestion of amino acids with a glucose drink has been shown to blunt the elevated post-prandial glucose response. Though not entirely clear, some suggest amino acids will facilitate an incretin-driven insulin response that improves glucose sensitivity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the “priming” effect of pre-ingested amino acids on glycemic control in healthy inactive adults. We present here some preliminary data from 7 adults. Hypothesis We hypothesize that the pre-ingested amino acids would attenuate the post-prandial rise in glucose during a 75 g glucose tolerance test. Methods To test this, seven healthy adults (Females: n =4, Males: n=3, Age 27.17 ± 4.7 y; Height 165.84 ± 9.53 cm; Weight 82.47 ± 14.63 kg; BMI 30.14 ± 7.54 kg/m2; Lean body mass (LBM) 56.83 ± 20.56 kg; Fasting blood glucose (FBG) 87.43 ± 5.29 mg/dL) completed four trials in a randomized, single blinded fashion. The four trials required participants to ingest either Leucine (LEU), L-Isoleucine (ISO), an equal combination of LEU/ISO combined and lastly a control. Each treatment was ingested 30-min prior to a 2 h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. The amino acid drink (200 mL) was standardized by the participant LBM (0.3g/kg) while the control consisted of inert stevia and non-amino acid ingredients found in equal amounts as other treatment mixtures (3.54 g). Venous blood samples were taken at baseline, and at 10, 30, 40, 60, 90, 120, and 150-min post-treatment and 75 g glucose drink. Because data collection is ongoing, the researchers are still blinded to the composition of the amino acid drinks and thus results are presented as: Red A, Green B, Yellow C, and control (White D). Plasma glucose (GLU) was analyzed using a YSI 2900 analyzer (Yellow Springs Instruments) and insulin (INS), glucagon (GCG), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations were quantified by fluorescent bead-based technology (MAGPIX, Luminex xMAP technology). A 2-way RMANOVA was used to assess glucose data (Graphpad Software). Results Pre-ingestion of amino acid had no significant treatment effect on GLU compared to control (P = 0.5912). Currently, only 2 individuals have been analyzed for insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GLP-1Active, and GIPTotal. However, we observed early and promising, non-statistical supported differences in concentrations between trials of insulin (Red A, Yellow C \u3e Green B, White D), GLP-1Active (Red A, Green B, Yellow C \u3e White D), and GIPTotal (Red A \u3e Green B, Yellow C, White D). Conclusion Based on these preliminary results, it appears that pre-ingestion of an amino acid drink does not influence glucose control in healthy and inactive young adults. It remains to be seen if pre-ingestion of the amino acids LEU and ISO, have any definitive effect on incretin secretion or subsequent insulin and glucagon responses

Aislamiento de desintegrinas de Crotalus totonacus y caracterización toxicológica de su veneno.

Las serpientes conforman el grupo de vertebrados con mayor numero de especies venenosas (Mackessy, 2010). El veneno de serpiente, contiene secreciones compuestas principalmente por una mezcla de péptidos y proteínas (Kochva et al., 1980; Markland, 1997; Meebs, 2002; Doley y Kini, 2009), producidas en glándulas cefálicas especializadas (Mackessy, 2010). El veneno puede contener hasta 100 proteínas incluyendo isoformas, aunque la mayoría de los componentes pueden ser clasificados dentro de 10-15 familias proteicas (Sanz et al., 2006; Calvete et al., 2007). En el caso de serpientes de cascabel, las familias proteicas predominantes son: las L-aminoacido oxidasas (LAAO), fosfodiesterasas (PDE), metaloproteasas (SVMP), serinproteasas (SVSP) y fosfolipasas A2 (PLA2), compuestos no enzimáticos como homólogos de miotoxina a, desintegrinas, péptidos secretorios ricos en cisteína (CRiSPs) y lectinas tipo C (Mackessy, 2008; Mackessy, 2010)

Females Have an Increased Sensitivity to Thermal Stress during Matched Exercise Metabolic Heat Production

Females report greater sensitivity in pain and cold exposures. PURPOSE: It is unclear how thermal sensitivity is affected when the change for internal temperature (ΔTin) and metabolic heat production (MHprod) are matched during exposure to hot conditions. This project tested the hypothesis that females have enhanced sensitivity to thermal stress during exercise hyperthermia when ΔTin and MHprod is matched. METHODS:Twenty-two healthy active (7 day activity: 8620±3008 steps/day; VO2max: 49±10 mL/kg/min) adults (11M/11F, 22.4±4.9y, 169±7.6cm, 68.3±13kg) exercised at similar MHprod (M: 7.1±1.5 W/kg, F: 6.9±1.4 W/kg; P=0.32) for 60 min (cycle ergometer) in cool (24.0±0.0⁰C; 14.4±3.6%Rh) and hot (42.3±0.2⁰C; 27.9±5.5%Rh) conditions in random order separated by at least 7 days. The ΔTin, heart rate (ΔHR), and thermal stress indices for comfort (TC, -4 very cold to +4 very hot), sensation (TS, -4 very cold to +4 very hot), perception (TP, 1 so cold I am helpless to 13 so hot I am sick), feeling (TF, +5 very good to -5 very bad), and focus (F, 0 internal focus [bodily sensations] to 100 external focus [external environment]) were measured every 10 minutes. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance on area under the curve was used to examine Interaction (I) and Main Effect (ME) for condition × sex. Values are expressed as means ±SD with significance set at PRESULTS: Males and females had similar increase in hot compared to cool for ΔTin (Cool: Δ0.5±0.1⁰C, Hot: Δ1.5±0.6⁰C; ME: condition; PME: condition; PME: sex; PME: condition; P≤0.04). Females reported that TS was elevated compared to males in cool compared to hot (I: condition × sex; PI: condition × sex; PI: condition × sex; PME: sex; PCONCLUSION: These data indicate that sex differences exist for thermal stress. Females perceive thermal stress in hot and cool conditions to a greater extent than males exercising at similar metabolic heat production