Extrapolating the Trends of Test Drop Data with Opening Shock Factor Calculations: the Case of the Orion Main and Drogue Parachutes Inflating to 1st Reefed Stage

We describe a new calculation of the opening shock factor C (sub k) characterizing the inflation performance of NASA's Orion spacecraft main and drogue parachutes opening under a reefing constraint (1st stage reefing), as currently tested in the Capsule Parachute Assembly System (CPAS) program. This calculation is based on an application of the Momentum-Impulse Theorem at low mass ratio (R (sub m) is less than 10 (sup -1)) and on an earlier analysis of the opening performance of drogues decelerating point masses and inflating along horizontal trajectories. Herein we extend the reach of the Theorem to include the effects of payload drag and gravitational impulse during near-vertical motion - both important pre-requisites for CPAS parachute analysis. The result is a family of C (sub k) versus R (sub m) curves which can be used for extrapolating beyond the drop-tested envelope. The paper proves this claim in the case of the CPAS Mains and Drogues opening while trailing either a Parachute Compartment Drop Test Vehicle or a Parachute Test Vehicle (an Orion capsule boiler plate). It is seen that in all cases the values of the opening shock factor can be extrapolated over a range in mass ratio that is at least twice that of the test drop data

Génomique fonctionnelle de Pseudomonas aeruginosa et analyse moléculaire fine d'un facteur sigma-anti-sigma

Pseudomonas aeruginosa est un pathogène opportuniste pouvant causer des infections pulmonaires chroniques chez les gens atteints de la Fibrose Kystique (FK). Pour réussir à s’implanter dans les voies respiratoires des patients FK, P. aeruginosa dispose d’un important arsenal de facteurs de virulence, dont la sécrétion de protéases, de lipases, de phospholipases ainsi que la production de toxines spécifiques. Le séquençage complet du chromosome de P. aeruginosa souche PAO1 (6.3 Mb) a révélé une organisation génomique hautement régulée. Dans le but de mieux comprendre l’interaction hôte-pathogène, nous avons utilisé la technique de mutagenèse à étiquette (STM). La STM a permis d’isoler 214 mutants incapables de maintenir l’infection pulmonaire chronique chez le rat. Parmi ceux-ci, le mutant STM2895, contenant un transposon dans le gène PA2895, a été retenu pour des analyses plus approfondies. L'étude phénotypique de STM2895 a permis de constater un défaut dans la production d’exoprotéases lorsque comparé à la souche sauvage PAO1. La caractérisation biochimique de ce défaut, utilisant des tests de dégradation spécifiques et l’immunobuvardage, a démontré qu’au moins deux des quatre protéases majeures sécrétées par P. aeruginosa sont impliquées. En effet, les élastases LasA et LasB ont été démontrées non fonctionnelles probablement dues à un problème de repliement. PA2895, une protéine possédant un domaine transmembranaire prédit, ne code pour aucune fonction connue, mais il est co-transcrit avec le gène PA2896, un facteur sigma putatif de type ECF (extracytoplasmic function). Des analyses en transcriptome sur le mutant STM2895, ainsi que sur un mutant de délétion de PA2896, ont permis de lier l’opéron au métabolisme du fer. De plus, des études in vivo dans le modèle d’infection pulmonaire chronique chez le rat ont clairement démontré que le mutant STM2895 est incapable de se maintenir dans l’hôte au même niveau que la souche sauvage PAO1. Le gène PA2895 est donc essentiel au maintien in vivo de P. aeruginosa dans le poumon de rat.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients (CF). To overcome innate self defense, P. aeruginosa possesses a wide arsenal of virulence factors. These include degradation enzymes such as proteases, lipases and phospholipases and the production of three specific toxins: exotoxin A and exoenzymes S and T. Sequencing of the complete P. aeruginosa chromosome (strain PAO1) of 6.3 Mb revealed a highly regulated and complex genomic organization. In order to better understand host-pathogen molecular interactions, we developped a new signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) approach based on PCR screening. The PCR-based STM technology lead to the identification of 214 mutants deficient in their ability to maintain a chronic pulmonary infection in the rat lung. In that pool of STM mutants, STM2895, which contains a transposon insertion in functional PA2895, was the most frequently drafted during the whole mutant library screening. Phenotypic analyses of the STM2895 strain allowed us to identify an exoprotease production defect as compared with wild type strain PAO1. The biochemical characterization of that proteolytic default using specific degradation assays combined with western blotting revealed that at least two (LasA and LasB) of the four major exoproteases from P. aeruginosa STM2895 strain are inactive. In fact, LasA and LasB elastases were shown to be present in the STM2895 culture supernatant, correctly processed but inactive due to a probable misfolding of proteins. The PA2895 gene (unknown function) encodes a protein with a predicted transmembrane domain. Basic genomic context analyses strongly suggest a cotranscription unit with the downstream gene PA2896, a putative sigma 70 factor from ECF (extracytoplasmic function) type. Microarray experiments on the STM2895 strain and an insertional mutant of the PA2896 gene were performed to establish a link between the putative PA2895-PA2896 operon and the metabolism of iron. Transcriptome analysis also demonstrated a repressive action of PA2895 on the transcription of PA2896 putative sigma factor. Finally, in vivo studies in the rat lung chronic infection model clearly showed a ten-fold decrease in survival capacity of the mutant strain when compared to the PAO1 wild-type strain

Utiliser le tutorat par les pairs pour favoriser l’apprentissage de la lecture en milieu défavorisé. Une pré-expérimentation avec examen des caractéristiques des non-répondants

This pilot study examines the effectiveness of peer-mediated reading instruction in first grade classrooms. One class was assigned to the control condition, and three others to the intervention condition. Students who participated in the peer-mediated activities seem to have learned to pronounce letter sounds and to read words more quickly in comparison with their control counterparts, and also demonstrated better comprehension. Students who did not make progress were inattentive and had difficulties developing a good relationship with their teacher.Keywords: Pilot study, reading, peer-tutoring, non-responder.Cette étude pilote examine l’efficacité des activités de tutorat par les pairs en lecture en classe de première année du primaire. Un groupe a été assigné à la condition contrôle, trois autres à la condition intervention. En comparaison avec leurs vis-à-vis de la condition contrôle, les élèves qui ont participé aux activités de tutorat semblent avoir appris plus rapidement à prononcer les sons des lettres et à lire les mots, en plus de démontrer une meilleure compréhension. Les élèves qui n’ont pas réalisé de progrès se démarquent par leur inattention et par leurs difficultés à établir une bonne relation avec l’enseignante.Mots-clés : Étude pilote, lecture, tutorat par les pairs, non-répondants

Comparative Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis Identifies Pseudomonas Factors Conferring Resistance to the Pulmonary Collectin SP-A

The pulmonary collectin, surfactant protein A (SP-A), is a broad spectrum opsonin with microbicidal membrane permeabilization properties that plays a role in the innate immune response of the lung. However, the factors that govern SP-A's microbial specificity and the mechanisms by which it mediates membrane permeabilization and opsonization are not fully understood. In an effort to identify bacterial factors that confer susceptibility or resistance to SP-A, we used comparative signature-tagged mutagenesis to screen a library of 1,680 Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants for evidence of differential pulmonary clearance in SP-A-sufficient (SP-A(+/+)) and SP-A-deficient (SP-A(−/−)) mice. Two SP-A-sensitive P. aeruginosa mutants harboring transposon insertions in genes required for salicylate biosynthesis (pch) and phosphoenolpyruvate-protein-phosphotransferase (ptsP) were recovered. The mutants were indistinguishable from the parental wild-type PA01 with regard to opsonization by SP-A, but they exhibited increased susceptibility to SP-A-mediated membrane permeabilization. These results suggest that bacterial gene functions that are required to maintain membrane integrity play crucial roles in resistance of P. aeruginosa to the permeabilizing effects of SP-A

Chemoradiotherapy in octogenarians as primary treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Introduction: While radical cystectomy is the gold standard for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), in octogenarians cystectomy results in a higher perioperative mortality rate (6.8‒11.1%) than in younger patients (2.2%). Trimodality therapy is a bladder-sparing regimen composed of transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) and chemoradiotherapy, with intent for salvage cystectomy, and has a 62.5‒90% initial complete response rate. In this study, we evaluate TURBT and chemoradiotherapy without salvage cystectomy in medically inoperable octogenarian patients. Methods: We identified a retrospective cohort of patients aged 80‒89 years with invasive urothelial carcinoma who received combination chemoradiotherapy between 2008 and June 2014. Outcomes were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier (KM) and Cox regression. Results: In 40 patients, the mean age was 84.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] 83‒86). Seventeen patients received hypofractionated, low-dose radiotherapy (LD) (37.5‒40 Gy), while 23 received conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (high-dose [HD]) (50‒65 Gy). Mean overall survival (OS) was 20.7 months (IQR 12.75‒23.25), while mean recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 13.75 months (IQR 3.75‒16.5). Patients receiving HD radiotherapy showed improved OS and local RFS (LRFS) without significant differences in Grade 3‒4 toxicities. Univariate Cox regression identified hydronephrosis as a predictor of worse OS and local recurrence and HD radiotherapy as a predictor of improved OS and local recurrence rates. Multivariate Cox regression identified hydronephrosis to be a significant predictor of LRFS. Conclusions: Primary chemoradiotherapy for inoperable patients with MIBC resulted in a three-year OS of 54.9% (comparable to cystectomy) and three-year RFS of 42.3%. Superior outcomes were associated with more aggressive chemoradiotherapy treatment. The results of the local control subanalyses in this study are hypothesis-generating due to the limited patient numbers in the cohort

San Giovanni Laterano Studio Project, Syracuse University School of Architecture Florence Program (1983)

This publication is the result of one semester\u27s design work from the Syracuse University Florence Program. Our purpose in compiling this material is two-fold; in presenting this work as an example of the design activity that occurs at the Florence Center, we intend to reveal the unique opportunity that this Program offers to students from the United States. In addition, we are using this vehicle to address the in­tellectual context within which our students worked during their design process. Giuseppe Vallifuoco and Sergio Petrini (Roman architects and our Visiting Critics) presented a specific bias toward the produc­tion of architecture, and we feel that an explication of their concerns can contribute to an understanding of current architectural activity in Italy

The Canadian Dementia Imaging Protocol: Harmonization validity for morphometry measurements

© 2019 The Authors The harmonized Canadian Dementia Imaging Protocol (CDIP) has been developed to suit the needs of a number of co-occurring Canadian studies collecting data on brain changes across adulthood and neurodegeneration. In this study, we verify the impact of CDIP parameters compliance on total brain volume variance using 86 scans of the same individual acquired on various scanners. Data included planned data collection acquired within the Consortium pour l\u27identification précoce de la maladie Alzheimer - Québec (CIMA-Q) and Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA) studies, as well as opportunistic data collection from various protocols. For images acquired from Philips scanners, lower variance in brain volumes were observed when the stated CDIP resolution was set. For images acquired from GE scanners, lower variance in brain volumes were noticed when TE/TR values were within 5% of the CDIP protocol, compared to values farther from that criteria. Together, these results suggest that a harmonized protocol like the CDIP may help to reduce neuromorphometric measurement variability in multi-centric studies

Effects of warming and eutrophication on coastal phytoplankton production

Phytoplankton production in coastal waters influences seafood production and human health and can lead to harmful algal blooms. Water temperature and eutrophication are critical factors affecting phytoplankton production, although the combined effects of warming and nutrient changes on phytoplankton production in coastal waters are not well understood. To address this, phytoplankton production changes in natural waters were investigated using samples collected over eight months, and under 64 different initial conditions, established by combining four different water temperatures (i.e., ambient T, + 2, + 4, and + 6 degrees C), and two different nutrient conditions (i.e., non-enriched and enriched). Under the non-enriched conditions, the effect of warming on phytoplankton production was significantly positive in some months, significantly negative in others, or had no effect. However, under enriched conditions, warming affected phytoplankton production positively in all months except one, when the salinity was as low as 6.5. These results suggest that nutrient conditions can alter the effects of warming on phytoplankton production. Of several parameters, the ratio of initial nitrate concentration to chlorophyll a concentration [NCCA, mu M (pg L-1)(-1))] was one of the most critical factors determining the directionality of the warming effects. In laboratory experiments, when NCCA in the ambient or nutrient-enriched waters was >= 1.2, warming increased or did not change phytoplankton production with one exception; however, when NCCA was < 1.2, warming did not change or decreased production. In the time series data obtained from the coastal waters of four target countries, when NCCA was 1.5 or more, warming increased phytoplankton production, whereas when NCCA was lower than 1.5, warming lowered phytoplankton production, Thus, it is suggested that NCCA could be used as an index for predicting future phytoplankton production changes in coastal waters.11Ysciescopu

A multi-country comparison of jurisdictions with and without mandatory nutrition labelling policies in restaurants: analysis of behaviours associated with menu labelling in the 2019 International Food Policy Study

Abstract Objective: To examine differences in noticing and use of nutrition information comparing jurisdictions with and without mandatory menu labelling policies and examine differences among sociodemographic groups. Design: Cross-sectional data from the International Food Policy Study (IFPS) online survey. Setting: IFPS participants from Australia, Canada, Mexico, United Kingdom and USA in 2019. Participants: Adults aged 18–99; n 19 393. Results: Participants in jurisdictions with mandatory policies were significantly more likely to notice and use nutrition information, order something different, eat less of their order and change restaurants compared to jurisdictions without policies. For noticed nutrition information, the differences between policy groups were greatest comparing older to younger age groups and comparing high education (difference of 10·7 %, 95 % CI 8·9, 12·6) to low education (difference of 4·1 %, 95 % CI 1·8, 6·3). For used nutrition information, differences were greatest comparing high education (difference of 4·9 %, 95 % CI 3·5, 6·4) to low education (difference of 1·8 %, 95 % CI 0·2, 3·5). Mandatory labelling was associated with an increase in ordering something different among the majority ethnicity group and a decrease among the minority ethnicity group. For changed restaurant visited, differences were greater for medium and high education compared to low education, and differences were greater for higher compared to lower income adequacy. Conclusions: Participants living in jurisdictions with mandatory nutrition information in restaurants were more likely to report noticing and using nutrition information, as well as greater efforts to modify their consumption. However, the magnitudes of these differences were relatively small