More Thought - More Framing Effects?

Three studies investigate the impact of the amount of elaboration on framing effects. In all three studies, participants were exposed to decision scenarios similar to the �Asian disease� problem (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981). The results replicated previous findings: Participants avoided the risky option when the scenario was framed in terms of gains, but preferred the risky option when the scenario was framed in terms of losses. Most importantly, these effects were most pronounced when participants spent more time working on the decision, because of either increased elaboration time (Study 1 and 2) or increased processing motivation (Study 3). Moreover, increased elaboration increased framing effects only when the situation required the scenario to be enriched with additional information. The discussion focuses on the possibility that increased elaboration may not necessarily result in less bias in social judgment and decision making.

Status of Pacific Mackerel spawning population, 1973

This is the first annual report of the status of the spawning population of the Pacific mackerel as required by Section 8388.3 of the Fish and Game Code. During 1972 and early 1973, several methods of determining population size were investigated as mechanisms for estimating the spawning population size of Pacific mackerel stocks north of Punta Eugenia, Baja California, and a method using tagging procedures proved to be the most acceptable. The estimate of the Pacific mackerel spawning population obtained by tagging procedures was 5,480 tons. This estimate agrees generally with those obtained from alternate methods in which previously computed spawning biomass estimates were correlated with partyboat catches in three different areas and the 1973 spawning biomass estimated from the resulting regression line. The estimates derived by these alternate methods are 6,970 tons, 4,730 tons, and 6,210 tons. All estimates are below the 10,000 ton spawning population minimum and thus there is no excess by which a harvest under Section 8388.5 of the Fish and Game Code could be allowed. (17pp.

Force-clamp experiments reveal the free energy profile and diffusion coefficient of the collapse of proteins

We present force-clamp data on the collapse of ubiquitin polyproteins in response to a quench in the force. These nonequilibrium trajectories are analyzed using a general method based on a diffusive assumption of the end-to-end length to reconstruct a downhill free energy profile at 5pN and an energy plateau at 10pN with a slow diffusion coefficient on the order of~100nm^2/s. The shape of the free energy and its linear scaling with the protein length give validity to a physical model for the collapse. However, the length independent diffusion coefficient suggests that internal rather than viscous friction dominates and thermal noise is needed to capture the variability in the measured times to collapse.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure

Observation of nonlinear dispersion relation and spatial statistics of wave turbulence on the surface of a fluid

We report experiments on gravity-capillary wave turbulence on the surface of a fluid. The wave amplitudes are measured simultaneously in time and space using an optical method. The full space-time power spectrum shows that the wave energy is localized on several branches in the wave-vector-frequency space. The number of branches depend on the power injected within the waves. The measurement of the nonlinear dispersion relation is found to be well described by a law suggesting that the energy transfer mechanisms involved in wave turbulence are not only restricted to purely resonant interaction between nonlinear waves. The power-law scaling of the spatial spectrum and the probability distribution of the wave amplitudes at a given wave number are also measured and compared to the theoretical predictions.Comment: accepted to Phys. Rev. Lett

Eckhaus-like instability of large scale coherent structures in a fully turbulent von K\'arm\'an flow

The notion of instability of a turbulent flow is introduced in the case of a von K\'arm\'an flow thanks to the monitoring of the spatio-temporal spectrum of the velocity fluctuations, combined with projection onto suitable Beltrami modes. It is shown that the large scale coherent fluctuations of the flow obeys a sequence of Eckhaus instabilities when the Reynolds number $\mathrm{Re}$ is varied from $10^2$ to $10^6$. This sequence results in modulations of increasing azimuthal wavenumber. The basic state is the laminar or time-averaged flow at an arbitrary $\mathrm{Re}$, which is axi-symmetric, i.e. with a $0$ azimuthal wavenumber. Increasing $\mathrm{Re}$ leads to non-axisymmetric modulations with increasing azimuthal wavenumber from $1$ to $3$. These modulations are found to rotate in the azimuthal direction. However no clear rotation frequency can be established until $\mathrm{Re}\approx 4\times 10^3$. Above, they become periodic with an increasing frequency. We finally show that these modulations are connected with the coherent structures of the mixing shear layer. The implication of these findings for the turbulence parametrization is discussed. Especially, they may explain why simple eddy viscosity models are able to capture complex turbulent flow dynamics

A COMPARISON OF THE ECONOMIC RENT AND CONSUMER SURPLUS METHODS OF VALUING RECREATION BOATING SITES

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

More thought - more framing effects? : Framing effects as a function of elaboration

Three studies investigate the impact of the amount of elaboration on framing effects. In all three studies, participants were exposed to decision scenarios similar to the 'Asian disease' problem (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981). The results replicated previous findings: Participants avoided the risky option when the scenario was framed in terms of gains, but preferred the risky option when the scenario was framed in terms of losses. Most importantly, these effects were most pronounced when participants spent more time working on the decision, because of either increased elaboration time (Study 1 and 2) or increased processing motivation (Study 3). Moreover, increased elaboration increased framing effects only when the situation required the scenario to be enriched with additional information. The discussion focuses on the possibility that increased elaboration may not necessarily result in less bias in social judgment and decision making

Relativistic Effects in Nuclear Matter and Nuclei

The status of relativistic nuclear many-body calculations of nuclear systems to be built up in terms of protons and neutrons is reviewed. In detail, relativistic effects on several aspects of nuclear matter such as the effective mass, saturation mechanism, and the symmetry energy are considered. This review will especially focus on isospin asymmetric issues, since these aspects are of high interest in astrophysical and nuclear structure studies. Furthermore, from the experimental side these aspects are experiencing an additional boost from a new generation of radioactive beam facilities, e.g. the future GSI facility FAIR in Germany or SPIRAL2 at GANIL/France. Finally, the prospects of studying finite nuclei in microscopic calculations which are based on realistic $NN$ interactions by including relativistic effects in calculations of low momentum interactions are discussed.Comment: 57 pages, 16 figure

Religion, Conspiracy Thinking, and the Rejection of Democracy: Evidence From the UK

While some research addresses the relationship between religiosity and political attitudes, little is known about the relationship between religion, conspiracy beliefs, and political culture. Using the concept of authoritarianism, we hypothesise that a conspiracy mentality is likely to be associated with ethnocentric and anti‐democratic attitudes, just as some types of religion—e.g., religious fundamentalism—have a close affinity to authoritarian attitudes. Using data from an online UK survey (N = 1093; quota sample, representative of education, gender, age, and region), we enquire to what extent belief in conspiracy theories is associated with xenophobic, racist, and anti‐democratic attitudes, which aspects of religiosity in combination with other factors play a role in conspiracy beliefs, and which communicative and interpretative practices are associated with belief in conspiracy ideologies. Our analysis reveals that both belief in classical conspiracy theories and belief in Covid‐19 conspiracy theories are significantly related to anti‐Muslim sentiments, anti‐Black racism, and right‐wing extremism. Moreover, a regression analysis shows that an initially discovered relationship between the strength of religiosity and conspiracy mentality disappears once religious fundamentalism is included in the model. The effect of religious fundamentalism is moderated by narcissism and the style of social media use—namely, trusting posts made by one’s friends more than the opinions of experts.publishedVersio

Innate immune receptor NOD2 mediates LGR5+ intestinal stem cell protection against ROS cytotoxicity via mitophagy stimulation

International audienceThe nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) agonist muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a peptidoglycan motif common to all bacteria, supports leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5)+ intestinal stem cell (ISC) survival through NOD2 activation upon an otherwise lethal oxidative stress-mediated signal. However, the underlying protective mechanisms remain unknown. Here, using irradiation as stressor and primarily murine-derived intestinal organoids as a model system, we show that MDP induced a significant reduction of total and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) within ISCs, which was associated with mitophagy induction. ATG16L1 knockout (KO) and NOD2 KO organoids did not benefit from the MDP-induced cytoprotection. We confirmed the MDP-dependent induction of ISC mitophagy upon stress in vivo. These findings elucidate the NOD2-mediated mechanism of cytoprotection involving the clearance of the lethal excess of ROS molecules through mitophagy, triggered by the coordinated activation of NOD2 and ATG16L1 by a nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-independent pathway