Stasis and Reconciliation: Politics and Law in Fourth-Century Greece

Wie gelang es griechischen Städten, Stasis zu überwinden und zur Normalität zurückzukehren? Die Quellenlage zwingt uns nun, die Rolle des Rechts – von Rechtsmitteln und Verfahren – gegenüber der Politik oder sogar gegenüber der Schaffung eines neuen, überparteilichen ideologischen Konsenses hervorzuheben. Der neue Versöhnungstext aus Dikaia konzentriert sich primär auf die verfahrensrechtlichen Auflagen für die Herbeiführung von Gerechtigkeit in Fällen, die mit Stasis zusammenhängen. Ein langer Eid soll von den Bürgern von Dikaia geschworen werden, wodurch der Vereinbarung der formale Charakter eines privatrechtlichen Ausgleichsvertrags (διαλλαγή) verliehen wird, der jedoch die gesamte Bürgerschaft vereint. Zusammen mit anderen Fällen ähnlicher Aussöhnung, verwandten Inschriftentypen und neuer Forschungsliteratur wird der Text aus Dikaia herangezogen, um zu argumentieren, dass dem Gesetz, eingebettet in bürgerliche Interaktionen und Gesellschaft, größere Bedeutung zukommt als rein politischen Überlegungen, wenn man die Funktion von Frieden und Normalität der Polis des 4. Jahrhunderts verstehen möchte. Schlagwörter:Stasis – Aussöhnung – öffentliches Recht – Privatrecht – Eid – Ausgleichsvertrag – Athenaion Politeia – Historiker von Oxyrhynchos – DikaiaHow did a Greek city leave stasis behind and return to normality? The evidence now demands that we emphasize law – legal machinery and juridical process – over and against politics, or even the creation of a new supra-factional ideological consensus. In the new Dikaia reconciliation text, the main focus is on procedural constraints for the pursuit of justice in cases related to the stasis. A long oath is also to be sworn by Dikaia’s citizenry, giving the agreements the formal character of a διαλλαγή settlement contract in private law but constellated across the entire citizen body. In conjunction with a consideration of other cases of reconciliation, cognate genres of inscriptions, and recent scholarship, the Dikaia text is used to argue that law as enmeshed in citizen interactions and society is more important than strictly political considerations in understanding the function of peace and normality in the fourthcentury polis. Keywords:Stasis – reconciliation – public law – private law – oath – settlement contract – Athenaion Politeia – Oxyrhynchus Historian – DikaiatbaComment une cité grecque a-t-elle surmonté une stasis et comment s’est déroulé le retour à la normale? Désormais, les sources exigent de mettre l’accent sur le droit – voies de recours et actions légales – face à la politique ou même face à la création d’un nouveau consensus idéologique au-delà des partis. Le nouveau texte de réconciliation provenant de Dikaia se concentre principalement sur les obligations procédurales quant à la quête de la justice dans des affaires liées à la stasis. Un long serment doit être juré par les citoyens de Dikaia, conférant aux accords le caractère formel d’un contrat de réconciliation de droit privé (διαλλαγή) qui unit le corps civique. En tenant compte d’autres cas de réconciliation, de genres d’inscriptions apparentés et de la recherche récente, le texte de Dikaia est utilisé pour démontrer que le droit – étroitement lié aux interactions des citoyens et à la société – est plus important que des considérations strictement politiques pour comprendre la fonction de la paix et de la normalité dans la polis du IVe siècle. Mots-clés:Stasis – réconciliation – droit public – droit privé – serment – contrat de réconciliation – Athenaion Politeia – historien d’Oxyrhynchos – Dikaiatb

Molecular Seesaw: How Increased Hydrogen Bonding Can Hinder Excited-State Proton Transfer

A previously unexplained effect in the relative rate of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in related indole derivatives is investigated using both theory and experiment. Ultrafast spectroscopy [J. Phys. Chem. A, 2015, 119, 5618–5625] found that although the diol 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)-4,7-dihydroxyisoindole exhibits two equivalent intramolecular hydrogen bonds, the ESIPT rate associated with tautomerization of either hydrogen bond is a factor of 2 slower than that of the single intramolecular hydrogen bond in the ethoxy-ol 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)-4-ethoxy-7-hydroxyisoindole. Excited-state electronic structure calculations suggest a resolution to this puzzle by revealing a seesaw effect in which the two hydrogen bonds of the diol are both longer than the single hydrogen bond in the ethoxy-ol. Semiclassical rate theory recovers the previously unexplained trends and leads to clear predictions regarding the relative H/D kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for ESIPT in the two systems. The theoretical KIE predictions are tested using ultrafast spectroscopy, confirming the seesaw effect

Decoupled Associative and Dissociative Processes in Strong yet Highly Dynamic Host-Guest Complexes.

Kinetics and thermodynamics in supramolecular systems are intimately linked, yet both are independently important for application in sensing assays and stimuli-responsive switching/self-healing of materials. Host-guest interactions are of particular interest in many water-based materials, sensing, and drug delivery applications. Herein we investigate the binding dynamics of a variety of electron-rich aromatic moieties forming hetero-ternary complexes with the macrocycle cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and an auxiliary guest, dimethyl viologen, with high selectivity and equilibrium binding constants (Keq up to 1014 M-2). Using stopped-flow spectrofluorimetry, association rate constants were observed to approach the diffusion limit and were found to be insensitive to the structure of the guest. Conversely, the dissociation rate constants of the ternary complexes varied dramatically with the guest structure and were correlated with the thermodynamic binding selectivity. Hence differing molecular features were found to contribute to the associative and dissociative processes, mimicking naturally occurring reactions and giving rise to a decoupling of these kinetic parameters. Moreover, we demonstrate the ability to exploit these phenomena and selectively perturb the associative process with external stimuli (e.g., viscosity and pressure). Significantly, these complexes exhibit increased binding equilibria with increasing pressure, with important implications for the application of the CB[8] ternary complex for the formation of hydrogels, as these gels exhibit unprecedented pressure-insensitive rheological properties. A high degree of flexibility therefore exists in the design of host-guest systems with tunable kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for tailor-made applications across a broad range of fields

Molecular Seesaw: How Increased Hydrogen Bonding Can Hinder Excited-State Proton Transfer

A previously unexplained effect in the relative rate of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in related indole derivatives is investigated using both theory and experiment. Ultrafast spectroscopy [J. Phys. Chem. A, 2015, 119, 5618–5625] found that although the diol 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)-4,7-dihydroxyisoindole exhibits two equivalent intramolecular hydrogen bonds, the ESIPT rate associated with tautomerization of either hydrogen bond is a factor of 2 slower than that of the single intramolecular hydrogen bond in the ethoxy-ol 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)-4-ethoxy-7-hydroxyisoindole. Excited-state electronic structure calculations suggest a resolution to this puzzle by revealing a seesaw effect in which the two hydrogen bonds of the diol are both longer than the single hydrogen bond in the ethoxy-ol. Semiclassical rate theory recovers the previously unexplained trends and leads to clear predictions regarding the relative H/D kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for ESIPT in the two systems. The theoretical KIE predictions are tested using ultrafast spectroscopy, confirming the seesaw effect

High-resolution microbiome analysis reveals exclusionary Klebsiella species competition in preterm infants at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis.

Intestinal colonization with Klebsiella has been linked to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), but methods of analysis usually failed to discriminate Klebsiella species or strains. A novel ~ 2500-base amplicon (StrainID) that spans the 16S and 23S rRNA genes was used to generate amplicon sequence variant (ASV) fingerprints for Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae species complexes (KoSC and KpSC, respectively) and co-occurring fecal bacterial strains from 10 preterm infants with NEC and 20 matched controls. Complementary approaches were used to identify cytotoxin-producing isolates of KoSC. Klebsiella species colonized most preterm infants, were more prevalent in NEC subjects versus controls, and replaced Escherichia in NEC subjects. Single KoSC or KpSC ASV fingerprinted strains dominated the gut microbiota, suggesting exclusionary Klebsiella competition for luminal resources. Enterococcus faecalis was co-dominant with KoSC but present infrequently with KpSC. Cytotoxin-producing KoSC members were identified in most NEC subjects and were less frequent in controls. Few Klebsiella strains were shared between subjects. We conclude that inter-species Klebsiella competition, within an environment of KoSC and E. faecalis cooperation, appears to be an important factor for the development of NEC. Preterm infants seem to acquire Klebsiella primarily through routes other than patient-to-patient transmission

I smoke to cope with pain: patients\u27 perspectives on the link between cigarette smoking and pain

BACKGROUND: For people with chronic pain, cigarette smoking is associated with greater pain intensity and impairment. Researchers have hypothesized a reciprocal relationship in which pain and smoking exacerbate each other, resulting in greater pain and increased smoking. This study aimed to qualitatively examine patient perspectives on this association. METHODS: A retrospective thematic analysis of smoking cessation counseling notes for 136 veterans in the Pain and Smoking Study, a tailored smoking cessation trial, was conducted. A validated codebook was applied to each counseling note by four independent coders using Atlas.ti (Atlas.ti, Berlin, Germany). Coders participated in a consensus-forming exercise with salient themes validated among the wider research team. KEY RESULTS: Participants averaged 60 years of age (range 28-77 years) and were 9% female. The median number of cigarettes smoked per day was 15, with a mean pain intensity score in the last week (from 0-10) of 5.1. While not all patients acknowledged a connection between pain and smoking, we found that (1) pain motivates smoking and helps manage pain-related distress, as a coping strategy and through cognitive distraction, and (2) pain motivates smoking but smoking does not offer pain relief. Concerns about managing pain without smoking was identified as a notable barrier to cessation. CONCLUSION: Many patients with chronic pain who smoke readily identified pain as a motivator of their smoking behavior and are reluctant to quit for this reason. Integrated interventions for smokers with pain should address these perceptions and expectancies and promote uptake of more adaptive self-management strategies for pain

Pollutant Loadings and Impacts from Highway Stormwater Runoff Volume I: Design Procedure

DTFH61-84-C -00120This is one of four final documents of an investigation dealing with the characterization of stormwater runoff pollutant loads from highways, and the prediction of water quality impacts they cause. Study results are based on monitoring data from 993 individual storm events at 31 highway runoff sites in 11 States. Impact prediction is based on a methodology previously developed and applied to urban runoff and adapted for highway runoff applications. This document provides a step-by-step procedure for computing the estimated impacts on water quality of a stream or lake that receives highway runoff. Guidance is provided for evaluating whether or not a water quality problem will result, and the degree of pollution control required to mitigate impacts to acceptable levels

Pollutant Loadings and Impacts from Highway Stormwater Runoff. Volume III: Analytical Investigation and Research Report

DTFH61-84-C-00120This is one of four final documents of an investigation dealing with the characterization of stormwater runoff pollutant loads from highways, and the prediction of water quality impacts they cause. Study results are based on monitoring data from 993 individual storm events at 31 highway runoff sites in 11 States. Impact prediction is based on a methodology previously developed and applied to urban runoff and adapted for highway runoff applications. This document describes the procedures used to assemble and analyze the data base and reports the results of these analyses. Included in this document are statistical summaries of the data base, along with a description of procedures to use to predict pollutant discharges from highway sites and the impacts that they will cause to receiving waters

Pollutant Loadings and Impacts from Highway Stormwater Runoff Volume II: Users Guide for Interactive Computer Implementation of Design Procedure

DTFH61-84-C-00120This is one of four final documents of an investigation dealing with the characterization of stormwater runoff pollutant loads from highways and the prediction of water quality impacts they cause. Study results are based on monitoring data from 993 individual storm events at 31 highway runoff sites in 11 States. Impact prediction is based on a methodology previously developed and applied to urban runoff and adapted for highway runoff applications. This document is a users guide for an interactive computer procedure for computing the estimated impacts on water quality of a stream or lake that receives highway runoff. The program provides guidance for evaluating whether or not a water quality problem will result, and the degree of pollution control required to mitigate predicted impacts to acceptable levels. The computer program is based on the methodology presented in the Design Procedures report of this study