Loneliness and older adults: psychological resilience and technology use during the COVID-19 pandemic—a cross sectional study

Introduction: This study investigated how psychological resilience influenced greater technology use among older adults, and whether they moderated the impact of social isolation on loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also explored whether technology mediates the impact of psychological resilience on loneliness. To explain the relationship between variables, the research drew upon the socio-emotional selective theory, which posits the notion that older adults are more focused on current and emotionally important relationships and goals concerning emotional regulation goals such as psychological well-being.Methods: Using a cross-sectional observational design, data were collected from 92 residents aged 65 to 89 in England from March 2020 to June 2021. Participants completed the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, Technology Experience Questionnaire, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and Lubben Social Network Index. Pearson correlation, mediation and moderation analyses were conducted to investigate the hypotheses.Results: Most participants experienced moderate to severe levels of loneliness, displaying higher levels than pre-pandemic. Psychological resilience predicted greater technology use, and lower levels of loneliness. Technology was found to mediate the relationship between psychological resilience and loneliness. Neither technology use, nor psychological resilience was found to moderate the impact of social isolation on loneliness.Discussion: Findings suggested that strategies directed towards screening older adults for psychological resilience levels and low technology experience may help identify those most at risk for adapting poorly when exposed to stressors in situations like the Covid-19 pandemic. Early interventions can be initiated to increase psychological resilience and technology use, including empirical interventions, that may help decrease loneliness, especially in times of elevated risks for loneliness

The mitigating role played by Digital Communication Technology (DCT) use by older adults on social isolation and loneliness, during the Covid-19 pandemic and affecting factors

Social-isolation and loneliness, both domains of social connectedness, are well-established health concerns for older adults. Simultaneously, Digital-communication technologies (DCT), are linked to lower loneliness, fewer chronic illnesses and depression. Yet, DCT uptake for connectedness in older adults remains low. In March 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic became a severe health and socio-economic crisis for older adults, with social distancing exacerbated loneliness. An opportunity arose for exploration of factors impacting social connectedness and what was enhancing or impeding DCT use in older adults. First, an umbrella review examined technology interventions for social connectedness in older adults to understand effectiveness, derivable themes, and any gaps. Results showed that Information Communication Technologies (ICT) and videoconferencing were most effective. An understanding of the predictors of loneliness and the interactive role played by technology was identified as a major gap. Subsequent quantitative studies examined these predictors including social isolation, psychological resilience (PR) (Study 2), age-friendliness of environments (AFE), life-space mobility (LSM) (Study 3), Educational Attainment (EA) (Study 4), and their impact on technology use and loneliness. Using correlation, mediation and moderation analyses, hypotheses were investigated. PR and EA predicted greater technology use, and lower loneliness. Technology mediated the relationship between PR and loneliness but did not moderate the effect of social isolation. Technology moderated the impact of lockdowns and loneliness on perceptions of AFE. A mixed-method study (Study 5) followed, using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Elevated COVID-19 anxiety impacted acceptance. Five major themes emerged: perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease-of-use (PEU), behavioural intentions (BI), pandemic (situational context), and privacy/security concerns. Certain DCT (like WhatsApp/Zoom) insulated adverse effects, whereas others (like Facebook/Meta) made it worse. All results were combined proposing a new older adult DCT acceptance model. The PhD significantly advanced knowledge of DCT use and acceptance in older adults, providing a practical basis for intervention design for social connectedness

Educational attainment as a distal resource for older adults:A Quantitative Study of impact of early education on loneliness, social isolation, psychological resilience, and technology use during the Covid-19 pandemic (Preprint)

Background: During the Covid-19 pandemic, government-mandated social distancing prevented the spread of the disease but potentially exacerbated social isolation and loneliness for older people, especially those already vulnerable to isolation. Older adults may have been able to draw from their personal resources such as psychological resilience (PR) and technology use (TU) to combat such effects. Educational attainment (EA) or early-life educational attainment, may potentially shape later-life personal resources and their impact on the effects of the pandemic lockdown on outcomes such as loneliness. The developmental adaptation model (DAM) allows for the supposition that social isolation, TU, and PR may be impacted by EA. Objective: This investigation examined the indirect impact of EA on pandemic-linked loneliness across a sample of older adults. DAM was used as the conceptual framework to view EA as a distal influence on loneliness, social isolation, PR, and TU. We hypothesized EA would predict TU and PR and play a moderating impact between social isolation and loneliness. We also hypothesized that PR and TU would mediate EA’s effect on loneliness. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study, where data were gathered from 92 older adults aged 65 and over in the United Kingdom from March 2020 to June 2021 when the country was under various pandemic-linked social mobility restrictions. Data captured demographic information including age, gender, ethnicity, and the highest degree of education achieved. UCLA (University of California Los Angeles) Loneliness scale, Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, Lubben Social Network Index, and Technology Experience Questionnaire were used as standardized measures. Pearson correlation, moderation, and mediation regression analyses were conducted to investigate the hypotheses. Results: We found higher loneliness prevalence in older adults compared to pre-pandemic norms. EA was correlated with greater TU and PR and moderated the impact of social isolation on loneliness. PR mediated and TU partially mediated the relationship between EA and loneliness. Conclusions: EA was confirmed as a distal resource for older adults and played an indirect role in affecting loneliness levels during the pandemic. It has an impact on present-day personal resources like PR and TU which affect loneliness and also moderated the impact of social isolation on loneliness. Policymakers should be aware that older adults with low levels of EL may be more vulnerable to the harmful impacts of loneliness when isolated by choice or not

Use and Acceptance of Digital Communication Technology by Older Adults for Social Connectedness During the COVID-19 Pandemic:Mixed Methods Study

BACKGROUND: Older adults are at higher risk for health issues, including mental health problems. This was especially apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic, where older adults were simultaneously more vulnerable to the disease and the mental health concerns created by social distancing. Subsequently, the use of digital communication technology (DCT) became a critical option for maintaining social connectedness in older adults. Prior to the pandemic, the low uptake and use of technology by older adults was an established problem, known as the digital divide. However, not much is known about how this may have changed as a result of the pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore how older adults maintained social connectedness through DCT during the pandemic and to understand factors influencing the use and acceptance of DCT. METHODS: A mixed methods explorative field study was set up, involving surveys and interviews of 25 community-dwelling older adults (65-88 years old) living in the United Kingdom. The surveys included the internet acceptance questionnaire (based on the Technology Acceptance Model [TAM]); COVID-19 dysfunctional anxiety was captured using the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS). Background information (demographics, use of technology) was gathered before conducting semistructured interviews. We hypothesized that CAS would affect constructs of TAM and that predictive constructs of TAM would have remained valid during the pandemic. We also posited that there would be unidentified themes outside TAM that impacted the acceptance and use of DCT. We used the quantitative data to guide the semistructured interviews, which were then analyzed through thematic analysis to identify additional themes. RESULTS: Correlational analysis showed that CAS influences all constructs of TAM. We also saw that the predictive constructs of TAM, especially the perceived ease of use (PEU) and perceived usefulness (PU), remained valid during the pandemic. Common acceptance-influencing themes were encountered in both quantitative and qualitative analyses, with 3 matching the known constructs of TAM (PU, PEU, and behavioral intention). We identified 2 additional themes affecting acceptance, namely influence of the pandemic (situational context) and privacy and security concerns. DCT use (especially email and videoconferencing use) increased during the pandemic, but the results related to social networking sites were mixed. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted technology acceptance and use by older adults, encouraging their use of certain DCT apps (email and videoconferencing apps, such as WhatsApp). These apps helped insulate them from adverse effects (social isolation and loneliness). Other social networking apps, however, exerted a negative influence, increasing anxiety and a general feeling of negativity. Future studies should maximize older adult agency related to design, privacy, security, and user requirements for development. We also recommend that when studying DCT acceptance for older adults, our additional identified themes should be considered alongside the existing TAM constructs

Effectiveness of Technology Interventions in Addressing Social Isolation, Connectedness, and Loneliness in Older Adults:A Systematic Umbrella Review

Background: Global population of older adults (aged >60y) is expected to triple to 2 billion by 2050. Proportionate rises in the number of older adults affected by loneliness and social isolation (or social disconnectedness) is expected. Rapid deployability, and social changes, have increased availability of technological devices, creating new opportunities for older adults. Objective: This study aimed to identify, synthesize, and critically appraise the effectiveness of technological interventions on social disconnectedness in older adults to assess the quality of reviews, common observations, and derivable themes. Methods: Following guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, four databases (PsychINFO, PubMed, Embase, and Medline) were searched between February 2020 and March 2022. We identified reviews with adults aged ≥50 years in community and residential settings, reporting outcomes related to the impact of technologies on social connectedness, loneliness and isolation with inclusion criteria based upon the PICOS (population, intervention, comparison/context, outcomes, and study) schema, with review type articles (systematic, meta-analyses, integrative and scoping), and those with digital interventions included. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) was used to measure the strength of outcome recommendations including risk of bias. Reviews covered 425 primary studies with 79,538 participants. Findings were extracted, synthesised and organised according to emerging themes. Results: 972 publications met initial search criteria; 27 met our inclusion criteria. Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (R-AMSTAR) was used to assess quality of analysis. Eligible reviews (n = 3) were excluded because of low R-AMSTAR scores (n < 22). The reviews were dedicated to general information and communication technology (ICT) (n = 11), videoconferencing (n = 4), computer/Internet training (n = 3), telecare (n = 2), social networking sites (SNS) (n = 2), and robotics (n = 2). Although technology was found to improve social connectedness, its effectiveness depends on the study design and is improved by shorter study duration, longer training times, and facilitation of existing relationships. General ICT and videoconferencing showed the most promising results, followed by computer training. SNS achieved mixed results. Robotics and augmented reality showed promising results but lacked sufficient data for informed conclusions. The overall quality of the GRADE was medium-low to very-low. Conclusions: Technological interventions can potentially improve social connectedness in older adults. The specific effectiveness rates favor general ICT and videoconferencing, but with limited evidence, indicated by low GRADE ratings. Future intervention and study design guidelines should carefully assess the methodological quality of studies and the overall certainty of specific outcome measures. The lack of randomized control trials in underlying primary studies (< 28%), and suboptimal methdologies limited our findings. Robotics and augmented/virtual reality show promise and warrant further research. Low GRADE scores highlight the need for high-quality research in these areas

The Indirect Impact of Educational Attainment as a Distal Resource for Older Adults on Loneliness, Social Isolation, Psychological Resilience, and Technology Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Quantitative Study

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, government-mandated social distancing prevented the spread of the disease but potentially exacerbated social isolation and loneliness for older people, especially those already vulnerable to isolation. Older adults may have been able to draw from their personal resources such as psychological resilience (PR) and technology use (TU) to combat such effects. Educational attainment (EA) or early-life EA may potentially shape later-life personal resources and their impact on the effects of the pandemic lockdown on outcomes such as loneliness. The developmental adaptation model allows for the supposition that social isolation, TU, and PR may be affected by early EA in older adults. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the indirect impact of EA on pandemic-linked loneliness in a sample of older adults. The developmental adaptation model was used as the conceptual framework to view EA as a distal influence on loneliness, social isolation, PR, and TU. We hypothesized that EA would predict TU and PR and have a moderating impact on social isolation and loneliness. We also hypothesized that PR and TU would mediate the effect of EA on loneliness. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study, in which data were gathered from 92 older adults aged ≥65 years in the United Kingdom from March 2020 to June 2021, when the country was under various pandemic-linked social mobility restrictions. The data captured demographic information including age, gender, ethnicity, and the highest degree of education achieved. The University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Lubben Social Network Index, and Technology Experience Questionnaire were used as standardized measures. Pearson correlation, moderation, and mediation regression analyses were conducted to investigate the hypotheses. RESULTS: We found a higher prevalence of loneliness in older adults than in prepandemic norms. EA was correlated with greater TU and PR and moderated the impact of social isolation on loneliness. PR mediated and TU partially mediated the relationship between EA and loneliness. CONCLUSIONS: Early-life EA was confirmed as a distal resource for older adults and played an indirect role in affecting loneliness levels during the pandemic. It has an impact on present-day personal resources, such as PR and TU, which affect loneliness and also moderate the impact of social isolation on loneliness. Policymakers should be aware that older adults with low levels of EA may be more vulnerable to the harmful impacts of loneliness when isolated by choice