Fictitious Images of the Ainu : Ishū Retsuzō and Its Back Story

In 1789, there was an Ainu uprising against Wajin (Japanese) in the Kunashiri and Menashi districts of eastern Ezo. The uprising was quickly quelled in what is often referred to as the Battle of Kunashiri-Menashi. A year later, Matsumae domain, assigned by the Tokugawa shogunate to govern Ezo, completed Ishū retsuzō, a set of portraits of twelve Ainu chiefs who collaborated with the domain in suppressing the uprising. The paintings, executed by Kakizaki Hakyō (1764–1826), were intended not just to honor the chiefs\u27 deeds but also to represent Confucian ideals. This was a time when the shogunate was campaigning to revive Confucianism. It duly commissioned a work of similar style and purpose, namely the Kenjō no sōji, a set of wall panels for the Shishinden Hall in the imperial palace in Kyoto featuring thirty-two Chinese sages. Was the contemporaneous creation of these two sets of paintings a mere coincidence? Ishū retsuzō was first taken to Kyoto, where it was viewed by Confucian scholars, court nobles, and the emperor himself. The visually striking portraits enjoyed a quiet popularity among intellectuals and daimyo in Kyoto and Edo. Toward the end of the Edo period, part of the Ishū retsuzō was included in publications by Ezo explorer Matsuura Takeshirō. Contrary to the original intent of the work, it was used to introduce the "customs" of the Ainu, and was even introduced to Europe as such

Narrow-band imaging with magnifying endoscopy for Peyer's patches is useful in predicting the recurrence of remissive patients with ulcerative colitis

Background/AimsPeyer's patches (PPs) are aggregates of lymphoid follicles that are mainly located in the distal ileum; they play a major role in mucosal immunity. We recently reported that patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) have alterations in PPs that can be detected using narrow-band imaging with magnifying endoscopy (NBI-ME). However, the usefulness of NBI-ME in UC treatment as a whole is still unknown.MethodsWe collected NBI-ME images of PPs from 67 UC patients who had undergone ileocolonoscopy. We evaluated changes in the villi using the "villi index," which is based on three categories: irregular formation, hyperemia, and altered vascular network pattern. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of villi index: low (L)- and high (H)-types. We then determined the correlation between morphological alteration of the PPs and various clinical characteristics. In 52 patients who were in clinical remission, we also analyzed the correlation between NBI-ME findings of PPs and clinical recurrence.ResultsThe time to clinical recurrence was significantly shorter in remissive UC patients with H-type PPs than in those with L-type PPs (P<0.01). Moreover, PP alterations were not correlated with age, sex, disease duration, clinical activity, endoscopic score, or extent of disease involvement. Multivariate analysis revealed that the existence of H-type PPs was an independent risk factor for clinical recurrence (hazard ratio, 3.3; P<0.01).ConclusionsUC patients with morphological alterations in PPs were at high risk of clinical relapse. Therefore, to predict the clinical course of UC, it may be useful to evaluate NBI-ME images of PPs

イギリスの初等教育 : 1988年から2011年の文化的文脈における教育政策と教育実践

What can we learn from policy change? What can we learn about primary schools and primary teaching by understanding the dynamics of recent change? This lecture will present an account and an analysis of changes in policy and practice over the last twenty years in Britain. It will also discuss the continuing process of change and current policy trends following a recent change of government. The session will encourage students to reflect on comparisons between Japan and Britain as a way of understanding the social, economic and political factors that inform primary education. The session will be arranged in three sections: 1. Curriculum - national curriculum and the needs of primary children - citizenship, health and welfare - assessment and testing 2. Teachers - teacher qualification and professional development - teacher autonomy and teaching methods - teachers and other adults in the classroom 3. School governance - variety of types of primary school - local accountability - national accountabilit

子どもたちの生活の向上 : 1997年から2011年の政策と施行

The incoming ‘New Labour’ government in Britain in 1997 promoted educational attainment as its top policy priority. But by 2003 this priority had a wider focus on improving outcomes for all children – in terms of their health, safety and general well-being, as well as education and training for work. The lecture will describe the wide programme of policy initiatives introduced by the Labour government to improve children’s lives, and the changes made by the Coalition Government from May 2010. It will examine how these have impacted on local authorities, schools and other services for children. The session will also encourage students to relate the above to social policy in Japan. How do policies shape the way that services are provided to children and families? The session will be arranged in three sections: 1. Integrating children’s services - national policy - role and experience of Local Authorities (LAs) - influencing practice of professionals working with children 2. Childcare, parenting and provision - expansion of childcare through legislation - children’s centres - extended schools 3. Child protection and vulnerable children - child abuse - vulnerable groups - children in poverty - children in care - disabled children - children in trouble with the la