Unpublished Mediterranean records of marine alien and cryptogenic species

Good datasets of geo-referenced records of alien species are a prerequisite for assessing the spatio-temporal dynamics of biological invasions, their invasive potential, and the magnitude of their impacts. However, with the exception of first records on a country level or wider regions, observations of species presence tend to remain unpublished, buried in scattered repositories or in the personal databases of experts. Through an initiative to collect, harmonize and make such unpublished data for marine alien and cryptogenic species in the Mediterranean Sea available, a large dataset comprising 5376 records was created. It includes records of 239 alien or cryptogenic taxa (192 Animalia, 24 Plantae, 23 Chromista) from 19 countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. In terms of records, the most reported Phyla in descending order were Chordata, Mollusca, Chlorophyta, Arthropoda, and Rhodophyta. The most recorded species was Caulerpa cylindracea, followed by Siganus luridus, Magallana sp. (cf. gigas or angulata) and Pterois miles. The dataset includes records from 1972 to 2020, with the highest number of records observed in 2018. Among the records of the dataset, Dictyota acutiloba is a first record for the Mediterranean Sea. Nine first country records are also included: the alga Caulerpa taxifolia var. distichophylla, the cube boxfish Ostracion cubicus, and the cleaner shrimp Urocaridella pulchella from Israel; the sponge Paraleucilla magna from Libya and Slovenia; the lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus from Cyprus; the bryozoan Celleporaria vermiformis and the polychaetes Prionospio depauperata and Notomastus aberans from Malta

Unpublished Mediterranean and Black Sea records of marine alien, cryptogenic, and neonative species

To enrich spatio-temporal information on the distribution of alien, cryptogenic, and neonative species in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, a collective effort by 173 marine scientists was made to provide unpublished records and make them open access to the scientific community. Through this effort, we collected and harmonized a dataset of 12,649 records. It includes 247 taxa, of which 217 are Animalia, 25 Plantae and 5 Chromista, from 23 countries surrounding the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Chordata was the most abundant taxonomic group, followed by Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Annelida. In terms of species records, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Saurida lessepsianus, Pterois miles, Upeneus moluccensis, Charybdis (Archias) longicollis, and Caulerpa cylindracea were the most numerous. The temporal distribution of the records ranges from 1973 to 2022, with 44% of the records in 2020–2021. Lethrinus borbonicus is reported for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, while Pomatoschistus quagga, Caulerpa cylindracea, Grateloupia turuturu, and Misophria pallida are first records for the Black Sea; Kapraunia schneideri is recorded for the second time in the Mediterranean and for the first time in Israel; Prionospio depauperata and Pseudonereis anomala are reported for the first time from the Sea of Marmara. Many first country records are also included, namely: Amathia verticillata (Montenegro), Ampithoe valida (Italy), Antithamnion amphigeneum (Greece), Clavelina oblonga (Tunisia and Slovenia), Dendostrea cf. folium (Syria), Epinephelus fasciatus (Tunisia), Ganonema farinosum (Montenegro), Macrorhynchia philippina (Tunisia), Marenzelleria neglecta (Romania), Paratapes textilis (Tunisia), and Botrylloides diegensis (Tunisia).peer-reviewe

Growth And Feed Consumption Of Young Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Exposed To Different Photoperiods

A feeding experiment was carried out in a brackish water (18 ppt) flow-through system to deter- mine the effects of different photoperiods (light hours/dark hours; L/D) on feed intake and growth performance of young rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Duplicate groups of fish (35.32 g avg body wt) were exposed to a natural photoperiod, a long photoperiod (16L/8D) or a continu- ous photoperiod (24L/0D) for 60 days and fed to satiation twice a day. The growth rate, daily feed intake and feeding rate in the natural photoperiod were significantly lower (p0.05) from the natural photoperiod. Survival was not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the treatment. For better growth and a lower food conversion rate, the long photoperiod is recommended for young rainbow trout

Changes In Blood Ion Levels And Mortality Rates In Different Sized Rainbow Trout (Oncorhychus Mykiss) Following Direct Transfer To Sea Water

Plasma ion values and mortality rates were compared for 450 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of three sizes following direct transfer from fresh water to Black Sea water of about 18 ppt. In fish of 14.29±0.30 g, plasma Na+, Cl- and K+ levels significantly (p<0.05) rose above ini- tial values five days after the transfer and peaked at 178.6±5.66, 153.9±0.14 and 1.14±0.04 mM/l, respectively. In 20.45±0.48 g fish, these values also rose significantly, reaching 172.4±4.24, 151.8±6.65 and 0.98±0.04 mM/l by day 5. In fish of 29.91±0.99 g, however, plasma Na+ and Cl- concentrations peaked 19 days after transfer, reaching only 165.5±6.43 and 142.9±8.34 mM/l, while plasma K+ reached its highest concentration of 1.02±0.06 mM/l on day 12, All three concentrations dropped to near initial values on day 26. In all groups, the plasma Ca2+ level rose significantly (p<0.05) above the initial value five days after transfer and then declined while the plasma P5+ concentration dropped on day 5, reaching a minimum on day 12 and recovering the initial level on day 26. The lowest mortality (8.0±1.89%) was recorded in the 30 g group, followed by 19.3±0.94% and 24.7±0.94% in the 20 g and 14 g groups. The failure of the smallest fish to adapt after direct transfer to sea water was likely due to excessively high plasma Na+ and Cl- concentrations and tissue dehydration, indicating that fish of 30 g best adapt to a seawater environment of 18 ppt

Incorporation of Soybean Meal and Hazelnut Meal in Diets for Black Sea Turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus)

The effects of soybean and hazelnut meals as partial replacements of fishmeal were studied in Black Sea turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus). Juvenile fish (mean 26 g) were fed six isoenergetic (19.1±0.18 kJ/g diet) and isonitrogenous (511±0.48 g protein/kg diet) diets for 60 days. The con- trol diet contained fishmeal as the sole protein source. In two of the six experimental diets, soy- bean meal replaced 20% and 35% of the fishmeal. The other three diets contained 65% fishmeal plus soybean and hazelnut meal at ratios of 25/10, 15/20, 5/30. There was no significant differ- ence (p<0.05) in growth performance between the groups fed the diet containing 20% soybean meal and those fed the control diet. Fish fed the 10% or 20% hazelnut meal diets had similar results as fish fed the diet containing 35% soybean meal. Growth performance, feed utilization, protein efficiency, and nitrogen retention were significantly lower in the group fed the 30% hazel- nut diet. Total nitrogen excretion and retention were similar in all groups except the 30% hazel- nut group. Results indicate that soybean meal can replace up to 20% of the fishmeal without causing reduction in growth performance, nutrient utilization, or nitrogen retention and that hazel- nut meal can be incorporated with 20%, but not 35%, soybean meal at a level of no more than 20% of the diet

Fethiye-Esen II HES Salt ve Santral Sahasındaki Potansiyel Heyelanının Yerteknik Özellikleri ve Yorumu

Çalısma alanında gözlemler ve yerinde deneyler yapılmıstır. Gözlemlerde alanın üst kesimleri farklı kalınlıklarda yamaç molozlarını ve daha derinleri kiltası, killi kireçtası ve kumtası ardalanmasından olusan birimleri kapsadıgı görülmüstür. Tektonik hareketler sonucunda derinlerdeki birimlerin dayanımı azalmıstır ve bu birimlerin yüzeyleyen kesimleri asırı ayrısmıs ve zemin özelligi kazanmıstır. Yagmur suları yamaç molozundan sızarak alttaki birimleri suya doygun hale getirmistir. Bu durumdaki zeminde duraganlık bozulmus ve yer yer kaymalar gözlenmektedir. Esen II HES Salt ve Santrali için topagrafik egimin fazla oldugu ve fosil heyelanların bulundugu bir saha tercih edilmis ve santral yerinde derin kazı yapılmıs, kazıdan çıkan malzeme potansiyel heyelan kütlesi üzerine doldurulmus, potansiyel heyelan kütlesinin etek kısmındaki dayanak derin kazı ile ortadan kaldırılmıs ve suyun etkisiyle kayma mukavemetinin azalması sonucunda heyelan meydana gelmistir. Çalısma alanında olusan heyelanın geometrisini belirlemek amacı ile yerinde deneylerden sismik kırılma ve özdirenç çalısmaları yapılmıstır. Ayrıca açılan gözlem çukurlarında yapılan yerinde deneylerle (proktor penetrometre ve vane) kayan malzemelerin direnç parametreleri hesaplanmıstır. Tüm verilerin birlikte yorumlanmasıyla saglam ana kaya ve potansiyel heyelanın geometrisi belirlenmistir. Ana kayanın altere kısmının da heyelan malzemesi içersinde oldugu saptanmıstır. Duraganlık analizi için Veyn 25 turdan elde edilen kayma mukavemeti sonuçlarının kullanılması önerilmistir

Potential Of Poultry By-Product Meal As A Substitute For Fishmeal In Diets For Black Sea Turbot Scophthlmus Maeoticus: Growth And Nutrient Utilization In Winter

The use of poultry by-product meal as an alternate dietary protein for Black Sea turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus (initial avg wt 18 g) in winter was evaluated. Triplicate groups of 15 fish were fed one of five isoenergetic (gross energy 20.5±0.21 kJ/g) and isonitrogenous (protein con- tent 55±0.35%) diets with 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the fishmeal protein replaced by poultry by-product protein. White fishmeal was the sole protein source in the control diet. There was no significant (p<0.05) reduction in growth performance of the turbot fed the 25% replacement diet compared to the control diet (100% fishmeal). At the replacement levels of 50%, 75%, and 100%, however, there was a severe decrease in feed intake, growth performance, feed utiliza- tion, protein efficiency ratio, and apparent net protein utilization. Results indicate that up to 25% of the fishmeal protein can be replaced by poultry by-product meal with no negative effects in fish performance at temperatures ranging 6-8°C

Farklı fotoperyot uygulamalarının kalkan balığı (Psetta maeotica) yavrularında büyüme ve yem değerlendirme üzerine etkileri

Bu çalışmada 4 farklı deneysel fotoperyotun (LDN; Doğal Fotoperyot, LD24:0; 24 saat ışık:O saat karanlık, LD12:12; 12 saat ışık:12 saat karanlık ve LD0:24; 0 saat ışık:24 saat karanlık) Karadeniz'deki yavru kalkanlarda (21 2,3 g) yem alımı ve büyüme parametreleri üzerine etkileri belirlenmiştir. En yüksek büyüme LD24:0 grubunda elde edilirken, bunu sırasıyla LD12:12, LDN ve LD0:24 grupları izlemiştir. En düşük büyüme oranı LD0:24 grubunda bulunmuştur. Bu araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, LD24:0 ve LD12:12 fotoperiyot rejimlerinin kalkan balığı yavrularında daha iyi büyüme ve yem dönüşümü sağlanması açısından en iyileri oldukları söylenebilir.The effects of 4 different experimental photoperiod regimes, LDN (natural photoperiod), LD24:0 (24 h light:0 h dark), LD12:12 (12 h light:12 h dark) and LD0:24 (0 h light:24 h dark), on feed intake and growth parameters of juvenile turbot (21 &plusmn; 2.3 g) in the Black Sea were determined. Growth was highest in the group exposed to the continuous photoperiod (LD24:0), followed by the LD12:12, LDN and LD0:24 groups in descending order. The lowest growth rate was recorded in the LD0:24 group. According to the results obtained, LD24:0 and LD12:12 photoperiod exposures are best for better growth and food conversion in juvenile turbot

Esen I HES Projesi Alanın Jeoteknik Özellikleri

Bu çalısma, Esen Çayı üzerinde yapılması planlanan Esen-1 Hidroelektrik Santralı için göl alanı sınırı, bent yeri ve kuvvet tüneli güzergah yerinin belirlenmesi ve jeoteknik özelliklerini kapsar. Inceleme alanında yüzeyleyen jeolojik birimler: Otokton konumlu “Güneydag Grubu” ile allokton konumlu “Kürdük Grubu”ndan ve bu iki grubu diskordan olarak örten Tersiyer yaslı kırıntılı çökellerden olusur. Göl alanında yaygınca yüzeylemeleri bulunan birimler, Tersiyer yaslı Çameli formasyonu ve Seki Formasyonuna ait kırıntılı tortullar ile alüvyonlardır. Çameli formasyonu ile Seki formasyonu geçirimsiz-az geçirimli, alüvyonlar ise geçirimlidir. Baraj yerinde sag sahilde yeralan Karabögürtlen formasyonundan türemis bloklardan olusan yamaç döküntülerinin baraj insaasından önce kaldırılması gerekmektedir. Göl alanında uygulanan sismik ve elektrik yöntemler ile taban kaya derinligi, üstteki katmanların kalınlıgı ve su sızdırma olasılıgı bulunan kritik yerler belirlenmistir. Bu yerlerde mekanik sondajlar yapılmıs, sondaj logları ve basınçlı su deneyleri degerlendirilerek, bu alanda yeralan birimlerin su sızdırma durumları, yamaç duraylılıgı jeoteknik yönden ayrıntılı olarak arastırılmıstır. Esen-I Hidroelektrik santralı bent yerinde ve göl alanında duraylılık ve su sızdırması yönünden önemli bir sorunla karsılasılmayacagı ortaya konmustur. Tünel güzergahında ise genel olarak Mesozoyik yaslı kireçtasları (Dokluca fm ve Ardıçdere fm) ile bloklu filis karakterinde (Gacak fm.) formasyonlar yeralır

Evaluation of anchovy as a feed for turbot (Psetta maeotica)

Bu araştırmada, pelet yem (%50 ham protein ve % 18 ham yağ), taze hamsi (Engraulis encrasicholus; %20,8 ham protein ve %9,2 ham yağ) veya her iki yemle beraber beslemenin, kalkan balığı (Psetta maeotica) yavrularının büyüme ve yem değerlendirme üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Üç farklı diyetin iki tekerrürlü olarak incelendiği bu çalışmada, ortalama ağırlığı 41 g olan toplam 90 adet kalkan balığı yavrusu (15 adet/tank) kullanılmıştır. 45 gün süren deneme sonunda, gruplardaki ortalama balık ağırlıkları sadece peletle beslenen grupta (PL) 62,302,22 g, hamsi ve peletle yemlenen grupta (HP) 63,541,89 g ve sadece hamsi ile beslenen grupta (HS) 62,900,89 g olarak tespit edilmiştir. Gruplar arasındaki fark istatistiki olarak önemsiz bulunmuştur (P0,05). Günlük yem tüketimi (%, g kuru yem/ g balık ağırlığı) ve yem değerlendirme değerleri (g tüketilen kuru yem/g ağırlık artışı) PL grubunda 0,770,01 ve 0,860,07, HP grubunda 0,780,01 ve 0,820,09 ve HS grubunda 0,750,02 ve 0,790,06 olarak tespit edilmiş ve gruplar arasında fark bulunmamıştır (P0,05). Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, kalkan balığı yetiştiriciliğinde farklı besleme uygulamalarının büyüme ve yem değerlendirme üzerinde benzer etki gösterdiği görülmüş ve balıkların beslenmesinde sadece pelet yem, sadece hamsi veya pelet yemle birlikte taze hamsi verilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.Evaulation of anchovy as a feed for turbot (Psetta maeotica). In this study, the effects of feeding young turbot (Psetta maeotica) with either dry pellet (50% crude protein and 18% crude oil), fresh anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus; 20.8% crude protein and 9.2% crude oil) or combination of both on growth and feed efficiency rate (FCR) were investigated. A total of 90 turbot fry (15 fish per tank) with a mean of initially weight of 41 g were used. At the end of 45 day, the mean weights of fish with dry pellet (PL), fresh anchovy (HS) or combination of both (HP) were 62,30 &plusmn; 2,22 g, 63,54 &plusmn; 1,89 g and 62,90&plusmn;0,89 g, respectively. No significant differences were observed among treatments (P&gt;0.05). Daily food consumption (g dry feed/ g fish weight) and FCR (g dry feed/g weight gain) values for as follows: 0,77&plusmn;0,01 ve 0,86&plusmn;0,07for PL, 0,78&plusmn;0,01 ve 0,82&plusmn;0,09 for HP, and 0,75&plusmn;0,02 ve 0,79&plusmn;0,06 for HS. There were no differences between any treatments (P&gt;0.05). Our findings indiciated that of feedings turbot with HP, PL and HP had similar effects on growth and FCR. Turbot can be fed either dry pellet or fresh anchovy or combinating of both